PHARMACOKINETIC BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS AND PHARMACODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES FINAL
EXAMS UPDATED FOR 2025 WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2023-2025
Prescription drugs
Must have a prescription
Over the counter (OTC)
Available without a prescription
Behind the Counter (BTC)
No prescription needed, but must interact with the pharmacist
Supplements and herbal medications
Not regulated by the FDA (because they are considered a food)
Steps of the Prescribing Process
1- thorough history and physical exam
2- formulate a diagnosis
3- establish a treatment plan
4-select medication
5-consider ethical issues
6-pt education
6 parts to each prescription
1-Demographics: name, date, address, DOB
2-Prescriber's name, address, phone number, signature
3-Medication name
4-Dosage or amount of medication
5-Route or manner of administration
,6-Frequency or time of administration
Role of substitutions for a brand name prescription
It is the law in most states that when a generic is available, it will be dispensed; unless the
prescriber indicates: Dispense as Written, or Do Not Substitute
helps with cost, prevents price gouging
Generic name
name of the medication when made by the non-original manufacturer (after the patent expire)
brand name
Trade name, trademarked by manufacturer
Given by the manufacturer or pharmaceutical company to make it more recognizable and/or
memorable
BID
Twice a day
TID
Three times a day
q6h, q12h, q24h
Every 6, 12, 24 hours
HS
At bedtime
PRN
As needed
PO
By mouth
NPO
Nothing by mouth
, PR
Rectally
IV
Intravenously
SQ
Subcutaneously
IM
Intramuscularly
NKDA
No known drug allergies
NKA
No known allergies
NKMA
No known medication allergies
mL
milliliters
mg
milligrams
AC
before meals
PC
after meals
ER
Extended release
CR
Controlled release
EXAMS UPDATED FOR 2025 WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2023-2025
Prescription drugs
Must have a prescription
Over the counter (OTC)
Available without a prescription
Behind the Counter (BTC)
No prescription needed, but must interact with the pharmacist
Supplements and herbal medications
Not regulated by the FDA (because they are considered a food)
Steps of the Prescribing Process
1- thorough history and physical exam
2- formulate a diagnosis
3- establish a treatment plan
4-select medication
5-consider ethical issues
6-pt education
6 parts to each prescription
1-Demographics: name, date, address, DOB
2-Prescriber's name, address, phone number, signature
3-Medication name
4-Dosage or amount of medication
5-Route or manner of administration
,6-Frequency or time of administration
Role of substitutions for a brand name prescription
It is the law in most states that when a generic is available, it will be dispensed; unless the
prescriber indicates: Dispense as Written, or Do Not Substitute
helps with cost, prevents price gouging
Generic name
name of the medication when made by the non-original manufacturer (after the patent expire)
brand name
Trade name, trademarked by manufacturer
Given by the manufacturer or pharmaceutical company to make it more recognizable and/or
memorable
BID
Twice a day
TID
Three times a day
q6h, q12h, q24h
Every 6, 12, 24 hours
HS
At bedtime
PRN
As needed
PO
By mouth
NPO
Nothing by mouth
, PR
Rectally
IV
Intravenously
SQ
Subcutaneously
IM
Intramuscularly
NKDA
No known drug allergies
NKA
No known allergies
NKMA
No known medication allergies
mL
milliliters
mg
milligrams
AC
before meals
PC
after meals
ER
Extended release
CR
Controlled release
