NRg283gExamg2gConceptgReviewg/gNR283gPathophysiologygExamg2gStudygGuideg(Latest):
Pathophysiology:gChamberlain
(Complete solutions and resources for the course exam)
g g g g g g g
, NRg283gConceptgReviewgExamg2gSumme
rg2016gSessiongB
**Pleasegbegsuregtogstudygetiology,gclinicalgmanifestationsgandgcomplications,gpathophysiologygofgthegfollo
winggtopics:
Immunologyg:gThegImmunegsystemgseeksgoutginvadersgthatgattackgourgbodiesgconstantlygTh
egImmunegsystemgmustgbegablegto
RecognizegR
espondgand
Remembergtheginvader.
Immunitygmeansgyoughavegprotection,gbutgbeforegthatgyougmustghavegbeengattackgbygthegvirusgtogbegimmun
egtogit.gE.ggchickengpox,gwhengsomeonegisgexposedgtogchickengpoxgvirusgforgthegfirstgtime,gaftergagcouplegofg
daysgthegsignsgwillgappearg(rashgongskin)gwhilegthegimmunegsystemgisgbusygfightinggitgoff.gAftergthegpersongg
etsgbettergthegvirusgthegimmunegsystemghasgthegabilitygtogcreategthegmemorygcellsgwhichgcarriesgthegmemor
ygofgthegchickengpoxgvirusgforever.gThat’sgwhygpeoplegthatgpreviouslyghadgchickengpoxgrarelyggetgitgforgthegs
econdgtime.gAnothergexamplegisgthroughgvaccination,gwhengweggetgvaccinatedgourgimmunegsystemgthinksg
wegalreadyghavegthegvirusgandgbuildsgaglinegofgdefensegthroughgthegmemorygcells.
MemorygcellsgallowgInstantgrecognitiongtoginvadersgandgimmediategresponsegtogthosegthreats.
Transfergfactorsgaregmemorygmoleculegwhichgeducatesgourgimmunegsystemgthegabilitygtogrespondgimmedi
atelygbecausegitgrecognizegthreatsgthroughgthosegmemorygcellsgwhichgactglikeg“wantedgposters”
3gspecificglinesgofgdefense
• Innategimmunityg(alsogknowngasgnaturalgorgnativegimmunity)gisgthegfirstglinegofgdefensegingthegbod
y.gItgisgingplacegatgbirthgtogpreventgdamagesgfromgthingsgingthegenvironment.gInnategimmunitygisgcom
prisedgofgphysicalgandgchemicalgbarriers
, • PhysicalgbarriersgincludegyourgskingandgthegcellsgthatgyoughaveglininggyourgGIgtractgandg
esophagus
• Chemicalgbarriersgincludegthingsglikegmucus,gtears,gsaliva,gandgthegnormalgfloragthatglivesging
ourggutgandgcolon
Ifgthegnaturalgbarriersgaregbreached,gthegsecondglinegofgdefensegisgthe
• Inflammatorygresponsegwhichgwillgcausegagrapidgactivationgofgmanygchemicalga
ndgcellulargmechanisms.gInflammationgisgusuallygthegfirstgresponsegtoganygtypegof
ginjury.gTheginflammatorygresponsegwillgprotectgthegbodygfromgfurtherginjury,gpre
ventginfectiongofgtheginjuredgtissue,gandgpromoteghealing.
Microscopicgchangesgoccurgwithingsecondsgofgtheginjurygandginclude:
• Vasodilation
• Increasedgvasculargpermeability
• AdherencegofgWBC’sgtogthegsitegofginjury
Manifestationsgofgtheginflammatorygresponseginclude:
• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Lossgofgfunction
• Thegthirdglinegofgdefensegisgadaptivegimmunityg(acquiredgorgspecificgimmunity).g Thisgdefensegi
sgtypicallygslowergandgtargetsgspecificgmicroorganismsgforgdestruction.gAdaptivegimmunitygals
oghasgagmemory,gsogthatgthegnextgtimegthegbodygisgattackedgbygthegsamegmicroorganism,gthegresp
onsegwillgbegmoregrapid.
• Thisgisgwheregantigensgandgantibodiesgcomegintogplay
Antigensgaregeithergforeigngsubstancesgorgtheygcangbegnormallygfoundgongthegsurfacegofghumangcells.
• Theirgmaingjobgisgtogactivategthegimmunegsystemgtogproducegmatchinggantibodies
• Antibodiesgaregspecificgproteinsgthatgaregproducedgingresponsegtogbindgwithgangantigen
, AntibodiesgaregalsogknowngasgImmunoglobulins,gofgwhichgtheregareg5gdifferentgtypes
• ThegmostgcommongantibodygthatgformsgingthegbloodgisgIgG
• Antibodiesgbindgtogthegantigengandgdestroygit
BgCellsgandgTgCellsgAngimportantgdifferencegbetweengT-cellsgandgB-cellsgisgthatgB-
cellsgcangconnectgtogantigensgrightgongthegsurfacegofgtheginvadinggvirusgorgbacteria.gThisgisgdifferentgfromg
T-cells,gwhichgcangonlygconnectgtogvirusgantigensgongthegoutsidegofginfectedgcells.
Titer-gcheckinggforgimmunity
LabgValuesgforgImmunegSystem
Hypersentivities-isgangalteredgorginappropriategimmunologicgresponsegtogangantigengthatgresultsging disease
orgdamagegtogthegindividualg(thisgisgthegactualgresponsegtogthegimmunegdeficiency)
3 typesgofgHypersentivity
• Angallergyg–
gwhichgisgaghypersensitivitygtogangenvironmentalgantigen,gsuchgasgmedicines,gnaturalgproductsg(pol
len,gbeegstings,gmold),gorginfectiousgagents
• AngAutoimmunityg–
g whichgisgagproblemgwithgthegbody’sgabilitygtogtolerategorgrecognizegitsgowngantigensg(orgself-
antigens).g Autoimmunegdiseasesgoccurgwhengthegbodygreactsgtogthegself-
antigensgcausinggthegautoantibodiesgtogdamagegtissue
• Alloimmunityg–
g occursgwhengthegimmunegsystemgofgonegpersongproducesgangimmunologicgreactiongagainstgtissue
sgofganothergperson.g Thisgcangbegseengingreactionsgfromgtransplantedgtissuegorgingthegfetusgduringgp
regnancy
4 specificgmechanismgofgHypersentivity
Typeg1:gisgIgEgmediated,gthesegaregmostgcommonlygrelatedgtogreactionsgagainstgenvironmentalgantigensg
andgaregthereforegallergic
• Mostgtypeg1greactionsgaregreferredgtogasgallergies
Pathophysiology:gChamberlain
(Complete solutions and resources for the course exam)
g g g g g g g
, NRg283gConceptgReviewgExamg2gSumme
rg2016gSessiongB
**Pleasegbegsuregtogstudygetiology,gclinicalgmanifestationsgandgcomplications,gpathophysiologygofgthegfollo
winggtopics:
Immunologyg:gThegImmunegsystemgseeksgoutginvadersgthatgattackgourgbodiesgconstantlygTh
egImmunegsystemgmustgbegablegto
RecognizegR
espondgand
Remembergtheginvader.
Immunitygmeansgyoughavegprotection,gbutgbeforegthatgyougmustghavegbeengattackgbygthegvirusgtogbegimmun
egtogit.gE.ggchickengpox,gwhengsomeonegisgexposedgtogchickengpoxgvirusgforgthegfirstgtime,gaftergagcouplegofg
daysgthegsignsgwillgappearg(rashgongskin)gwhilegthegimmunegsystemgisgbusygfightinggitgoff.gAftergthegpersongg
etsgbettergthegvirusgthegimmunegsystemghasgthegabilitygtogcreategthegmemorygcellsgwhichgcarriesgthegmemor
ygofgthegchickengpoxgvirusgforever.gThat’sgwhygpeoplegthatgpreviouslyghadgchickengpoxgrarelyggetgitgforgthegs
econdgtime.gAnothergexamplegisgthroughgvaccination,gwhengweggetgvaccinatedgourgimmunegsystemgthinksg
wegalreadyghavegthegvirusgandgbuildsgaglinegofgdefensegthroughgthegmemorygcells.
MemorygcellsgallowgInstantgrecognitiongtoginvadersgandgimmediategresponsegtogthosegthreats.
Transfergfactorsgaregmemorygmoleculegwhichgeducatesgourgimmunegsystemgthegabilitygtogrespondgimmedi
atelygbecausegitgrecognizegthreatsgthroughgthosegmemorygcellsgwhichgactglikeg“wantedgposters”
3gspecificglinesgofgdefense
• Innategimmunityg(alsogknowngasgnaturalgorgnativegimmunity)gisgthegfirstglinegofgdefensegingthegbod
y.gItgisgingplacegatgbirthgtogpreventgdamagesgfromgthingsgingthegenvironment.gInnategimmunitygisgcom
prisedgofgphysicalgandgchemicalgbarriers
, • PhysicalgbarriersgincludegyourgskingandgthegcellsgthatgyoughaveglininggyourgGIgtractgandg
esophagus
• Chemicalgbarriersgincludegthingsglikegmucus,gtears,gsaliva,gandgthegnormalgfloragthatglivesging
ourggutgandgcolon
Ifgthegnaturalgbarriersgaregbreached,gthegsecondglinegofgdefensegisgthe
• Inflammatorygresponsegwhichgwillgcausegagrapidgactivationgofgmanygchemicalga
ndgcellulargmechanisms.gInflammationgisgusuallygthegfirstgresponsegtoganygtypegof
ginjury.gTheginflammatorygresponsegwillgprotectgthegbodygfromgfurtherginjury,gpre
ventginfectiongofgtheginjuredgtissue,gandgpromoteghealing.
Microscopicgchangesgoccurgwithingsecondsgofgtheginjurygandginclude:
• Vasodilation
• Increasedgvasculargpermeability
• AdherencegofgWBC’sgtogthegsitegofginjury
Manifestationsgofgtheginflammatorygresponseginclude:
• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Lossgofgfunction
• Thegthirdglinegofgdefensegisgadaptivegimmunityg(acquiredgorgspecificgimmunity).g Thisgdefensegi
sgtypicallygslowergandgtargetsgspecificgmicroorganismsgforgdestruction.gAdaptivegimmunitygals
oghasgagmemory,gsogthatgthegnextgtimegthegbodygisgattackedgbygthegsamegmicroorganism,gthegresp
onsegwillgbegmoregrapid.
• Thisgisgwheregantigensgandgantibodiesgcomegintogplay
Antigensgaregeithergforeigngsubstancesgorgtheygcangbegnormallygfoundgongthegsurfacegofghumangcells.
• Theirgmaingjobgisgtogactivategthegimmunegsystemgtogproducegmatchinggantibodies
• Antibodiesgaregspecificgproteinsgthatgaregproducedgingresponsegtogbindgwithgangantigen
, AntibodiesgaregalsogknowngasgImmunoglobulins,gofgwhichgtheregareg5gdifferentgtypes
• ThegmostgcommongantibodygthatgformsgingthegbloodgisgIgG
• Antibodiesgbindgtogthegantigengandgdestroygit
BgCellsgandgTgCellsgAngimportantgdifferencegbetweengT-cellsgandgB-cellsgisgthatgB-
cellsgcangconnectgtogantigensgrightgongthegsurfacegofgtheginvadinggvirusgorgbacteria.gThisgisgdifferentgfromg
T-cells,gwhichgcangonlygconnectgtogvirusgantigensgongthegoutsidegofginfectedgcells.
Titer-gcheckinggforgimmunity
LabgValuesgforgImmunegSystem
Hypersentivities-isgangalteredgorginappropriategimmunologicgresponsegtogangantigengthatgresultsging disease
orgdamagegtogthegindividualg(thisgisgthegactualgresponsegtogthegimmunegdeficiency)
3 typesgofgHypersentivity
• Angallergyg–
gwhichgisgaghypersensitivitygtogangenvironmentalgantigen,gsuchgasgmedicines,gnaturalgproductsg(pol
len,gbeegstings,gmold),gorginfectiousgagents
• AngAutoimmunityg–
g whichgisgagproblemgwithgthegbody’sgabilitygtogtolerategorgrecognizegitsgowngantigensg(orgself-
antigens).g Autoimmunegdiseasesgoccurgwhengthegbodygreactsgtogthegself-
antigensgcausinggthegautoantibodiesgtogdamagegtissue
• Alloimmunityg–
g occursgwhengthegimmunegsystemgofgonegpersongproducesgangimmunologicgreactiongagainstgtissue
sgofganothergperson.g Thisgcangbegseengingreactionsgfromgtransplantedgtissuegorgingthegfetusgduringgp
regnancy
4 specificgmechanismgofgHypersentivity
Typeg1:gisgIgEgmediated,gthesegaregmostgcommonlygrelatedgtogreactionsgagainstgenvironmentalgantigensg
andgaregthereforegallergic
• Mostgtypeg1greactionsgaregreferredgtogasgallergies
