1. 2The ways sea otters can expend energy: swimming diving
hunting using tools
caring for their young grooming
2. 1st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be
created or destroyed.
3. 2nd law of thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the
entropy of the universe.
4. How do sea otters acquire energy?: food
5. The energy sea otters acquire is transferred or transformed in a variety of ways:: cellular
respiration
growth waste
6. Describe the movement of energy through the kelp forests:: - producers bring energy
into an ecosystem (through sunlight)
- consumers acquire energy from producers (herbivores/primary consumers)
- smaller, sessile consumers tend to be eaten by larger, mobile consumers (sec- ondary
consumers)
- secondary consumers can be eaten by tertiary consumers and so on
(just like carbon, energy is transferred between producers and consumers)
7. because of the law of thermodynamics, only of energy is transferred at each step
up the food chain.: 2nd; ~10%
8. Define regulators: animals that maintain internal constancy in the face of exter- nal
variability
9. Advantages to being a regulator?: - no effect of outside temperatures
, - can maintain optimal internal environment
- can move between environments
10. define conformers: let internal environment match external environment
11. advantages to being a conformer?: - less energy (lots of energy to be a regulator)
12. Disadvantages of conformers: cells are subjected to (sometimes dramatic) changes in
internal milieu (env't)-so processes speed up or slow down with external envt
13. Who is an example of a conformer?: cold-blooded animals, they conform to external
temperatures
14. disadvantages of regulators: a lot of energy is expended in order to maintain this
constancy
15. Who are examples of regulators?: most mammals and birds, whales (flubber important
and allow fins to be cooler so rest of body can be warmer)
16. What does a graph look like for conformers vs. regulators when comparing
internal/external temperatures?: Conformer graph: internal temp changes with external temp
changes (slope of 1)Regulator graph: internal temp remains constant no matter external temp
changes (slope of 0)
17. Are most animals conformers, regulators, or a little of both?: A little of both; some
change between the two in different stages of life like hibernators
18. How are salmon both conformers and regulators?: They are temperature conformers but
they regulate their internal choride
19. So what would a graph look like of a salmon's internal vs. external temp and also of the
internal vs. external chloride []?: The temp graph would have a slope of 1, as it increases or
decreases with the external temperatureThe chloride graph would have a slope of 0 because
they regulate their chloride levels no matter what the external concentration is
20. Define homeostasis: state of steady internal conditions within a range BUT maintain
homeostasis is energetically costly
21. Define endotherm: maintains internal body conditions through metabolic
hunting using tools
caring for their young grooming
2. 1st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be
created or destroyed.
3. 2nd law of thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the
entropy of the universe.
4. How do sea otters acquire energy?: food
5. The energy sea otters acquire is transferred or transformed in a variety of ways:: cellular
respiration
growth waste
6. Describe the movement of energy through the kelp forests:: - producers bring energy
into an ecosystem (through sunlight)
- consumers acquire energy from producers (herbivores/primary consumers)
- smaller, sessile consumers tend to be eaten by larger, mobile consumers (sec- ondary
consumers)
- secondary consumers can be eaten by tertiary consumers and so on
(just like carbon, energy is transferred between producers and consumers)
7. because of the law of thermodynamics, only of energy is transferred at each step
up the food chain.: 2nd; ~10%
8. Define regulators: animals that maintain internal constancy in the face of exter- nal
variability
9. Advantages to being a regulator?: - no effect of outside temperatures
, - can maintain optimal internal environment
- can move between environments
10. define conformers: let internal environment match external environment
11. advantages to being a conformer?: - less energy (lots of energy to be a regulator)
12. Disadvantages of conformers: cells are subjected to (sometimes dramatic) changes in
internal milieu (env't)-so processes speed up or slow down with external envt
13. Who is an example of a conformer?: cold-blooded animals, they conform to external
temperatures
14. disadvantages of regulators: a lot of energy is expended in order to maintain this
constancy
15. Who are examples of regulators?: most mammals and birds, whales (flubber important
and allow fins to be cooler so rest of body can be warmer)
16. What does a graph look like for conformers vs. regulators when comparing
internal/external temperatures?: Conformer graph: internal temp changes with external temp
changes (slope of 1)Regulator graph: internal temp remains constant no matter external temp
changes (slope of 0)
17. Are most animals conformers, regulators, or a little of both?: A little of both; some
change between the two in different stages of life like hibernators
18. How are salmon both conformers and regulators?: They are temperature conformers but
they regulate their internal choride
19. So what would a graph look like of a salmon's internal vs. external temp and also of the
internal vs. external chloride []?: The temp graph would have a slope of 1, as it increases or
decreases with the external temperatureThe chloride graph would have a slope of 0 because
they regulate their chloride levels no matter what the external concentration is
20. Define homeostasis: state of steady internal conditions within a range BUT maintain
homeostasis is energetically costly
21. Define endotherm: maintains internal body conditions through metabolic
