NSG 530 / NSG 530
EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE
Advanced Pathophysiology – Wilkes
THIS GUIDE CONTAINS:
tailored to advanced practice nursing students
at Wilkes University.
Focusing on key concepts
is organized for clarity and comprehensive review.
Expert-Verified
,## NSG 530 Exam 4 Study Guide
### Hematologic Disorders
#### Anemia
**1. Iron Deficiency Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Caused by decreased iron availability for
erythropoiesis due to blood loss, inadequate intake/absorp)on, or
increased demand (e.g., pregnancy).
- **Clinical Features:** Microcy)c, hypochromic anemia. Fa)gue,
pallor, pica.
- **Diagnos cs:** ↓ Ferri)n, ↑ TIBC, ↓ serum iron, microcy)c RBCs.
- **Treatment:** Address underlying cause, oral iron supplementa)on.
**2. Pernicious Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic
factor, o9en autoimmune.
,- **Clinical Features:** Macrocy)c anemia; neurologic symptoms
(paresthesia, ataxia).
- **Diagnos cs:** ↑ MCV, low serum B12, an)-intrinsic factor
an)bodies.
- **Treatment:** Parenteral vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) injec)ons.
**3. Anemia of Chronic Disease**
- **Pathophysiology:** Chronic inflamma)on causes impaired iron
u)liza)on; o9en seen in chronic infec)ons, autoimmune disorders,
malignancy.
- **Diagnos cs:** Normocy)c or microcy)c anemia, ↑ ferri)n, ↓ TIBC.
- **Treatment:** Manage underlying disease; erythropoie)n if severe.
**4. Thalassemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Inherited defects in hemoglobin synthesis
(alpha or beta chains).
- **Clinical Features:** Microcy)c anemia, splenomegaly, bone
deformi)es (severe forms).
, - **Diagnos cs:** Hemoglobin electrophoresis; microcytosis with
normal/↑ iron.
- **Treatment:** Mild forms o9en need no treatment; severe forms
may require transfusions, chela)on.
**5. Hemoly c Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Premature RBC destruc)on (intrinsic vs
extrinsic causes).
- **Clinical Features:** Jaundice, splenomegaly, re)culocytosis.
- **Diagnos cs:** ↓ haptoglobin, ↑ LDH, ↑ indirect bilirubin, posi)ve
DAT (Coombs test).
- **Treatment:** Depends on cause (steroids for autoimmune;
suppor)ve care).
**6. Sickle Cell Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Autosomal recessive defect in β-globin gene
(HbS), causing RBC sickling under low oxygen.
- **Clinical Features:** Pain crises, hemolysis, vaso-occlusive
complica)ons.
EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE
Advanced Pathophysiology – Wilkes
THIS GUIDE CONTAINS:
tailored to advanced practice nursing students
at Wilkes University.
Focusing on key concepts
is organized for clarity and comprehensive review.
Expert-Verified
,## NSG 530 Exam 4 Study Guide
### Hematologic Disorders
#### Anemia
**1. Iron Deficiency Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Caused by decreased iron availability for
erythropoiesis due to blood loss, inadequate intake/absorp)on, or
increased demand (e.g., pregnancy).
- **Clinical Features:** Microcy)c, hypochromic anemia. Fa)gue,
pallor, pica.
- **Diagnos cs:** ↓ Ferri)n, ↑ TIBC, ↓ serum iron, microcy)c RBCs.
- **Treatment:** Address underlying cause, oral iron supplementa)on.
**2. Pernicious Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic
factor, o9en autoimmune.
,- **Clinical Features:** Macrocy)c anemia; neurologic symptoms
(paresthesia, ataxia).
- **Diagnos cs:** ↑ MCV, low serum B12, an)-intrinsic factor
an)bodies.
- **Treatment:** Parenteral vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) injec)ons.
**3. Anemia of Chronic Disease**
- **Pathophysiology:** Chronic inflamma)on causes impaired iron
u)liza)on; o9en seen in chronic infec)ons, autoimmune disorders,
malignancy.
- **Diagnos cs:** Normocy)c or microcy)c anemia, ↑ ferri)n, ↓ TIBC.
- **Treatment:** Manage underlying disease; erythropoie)n if severe.
**4. Thalassemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Inherited defects in hemoglobin synthesis
(alpha or beta chains).
- **Clinical Features:** Microcy)c anemia, splenomegaly, bone
deformi)es (severe forms).
, - **Diagnos cs:** Hemoglobin electrophoresis; microcytosis with
normal/↑ iron.
- **Treatment:** Mild forms o9en need no treatment; severe forms
may require transfusions, chela)on.
**5. Hemoly c Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Premature RBC destruc)on (intrinsic vs
extrinsic causes).
- **Clinical Features:** Jaundice, splenomegaly, re)culocytosis.
- **Diagnos cs:** ↓ haptoglobin, ↑ LDH, ↑ indirect bilirubin, posi)ve
DAT (Coombs test).
- **Treatment:** Depends on cause (steroids for autoimmune;
suppor)ve care).
**6. Sickle Cell Anemia**
- **Pathophysiology:** Autosomal recessive defect in β-globin gene
(HbS), causing RBC sickling under low oxygen.
- **Clinical Features:** Pain crises, hemolysis, vaso-occlusive
complica)ons.
