Test Bank With Solutions Manual
Criminological Theory: A Brief Introduction
By Mitchell Miller,
4th Edition
1
, Table Of Contents
Page
Introduction To The Instructor's 4
Manual
Part 1: Chapter Overviews And Lecture Outlines
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 6
Chapter 2: Classical And Neoclassical Criminology 14
Chapter 3: Biological Theories Of Crime 20
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories Of Crime 31
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology Of Crime 41
Chapter 6: Learning And Cultural Transmission Theories Of Crime 50
Chapter 7: Strain Theories Of Crime 60
Chapter 8: Control Theories Of Crime 68
Chapter 9: Theories Of Social Conflict 75
Chapter 10: Evaluating And Integrating Theory 85
Part 2: Test Bank Questions
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 93
Chapter 2: Classical And Neoclassical Criminology 109
Chapter 3: Biological Theories Of Crime 125
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories Of Crime 140
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology Of Crime 154
Chapter 6: Learning And Cultural Transmission Theories Of Crime 168
Chapter 7: Strain Theories Of Crime 183
Chapter 8: Control Theories Of Crime 198
Chapter 9: Theories Of Social Conflict 213
Chapter 10: Evaluating And Integrating Theory 227
Part 3: Answer Key
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 241
Chapter 2: Classical And Neoclassical Criminology 244
Chapter 3: Biological Theories Of Crime 247
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories Of Crime 250
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology Of Crime 253
Chapter 6: Learning And Cultural Transmission Theories Of Crime 256
Chapter 7: Strain Theories Of Crime 260
Chapter 8: Control Theories Of Crime 264
Chapter 9: Theories Of Social Conflict 268
Chapter 10: Evaluating And Integrating Theory 271
2
, Chapter 1
Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview
Chapter Overview:
This Chapter Begins By Defining Criminology As Focused On The Process Of Making
And Breaking Laws. It Distinguishes Criminal Justice From Criminology In That The
Former Is More “Solutions-Oriented” While The Latter Is More Concerned With The
Discovery Of Causes And Reasons For Committing Crime And Theory Creation. The
Authors Are Quick To Point Out, However, That Criminal Justice Practitioners And
Criminological Theorists Rely Upon One Another To Effect Change In Human
Behavior. The Next Section Of The Chapter Outlines The "Evolution" Of Criminology
From The Ancient Babylonian Code Of Hammurabi To The Current Hegemonic Status
Of The Sociological Perspective Of Crime. Therein, The Authors Note That
Criminologists Often Disagree About The Reasons For Crime And Its Relationship To
Various Social Problems. Some Scholars Argue In Favor Of Individual-Level
Explanations Of Human Behavior (I.E., Micro-Level Theories) While Others Espouse
Macro-Level Explanations Of Crime. These Macro-Level Theories Typically Focus On
Social Ills Such As Poverty, Unemployment, And Overall Disadvantage. The Objective
Of This Introductory Chapter Is To "Prime" The Reader Toward The Notion That A
Variety Of Theoretical Perspectives Exist And That All Have Some Bearing On Crime.
Some Theoretical Accounts Have Competing Interests While Others Are More
Complimentary. The Authors Offer Guidance To Readers To Understand How One Can
Assess The Quality Of An Individual Theory And Describe How Quality Theories Can
Help Create An Evidence-Base To Shape Criminal Justice Practice And Policies In An
Informed, Productive Way.
Learning Objectives:
After Reading This Chapter, The Student Should Be Able To:
(1) Understand The Origins Of Criminological Theory
(2) Discuss The Process Of Theory Construction
(3) Describe How To Assess The Relative Merit Of A Particular Theory On The
Grounds Of Its Explanatory Value
(4) Explain The Possible Applicability Of Criminological Theory For Criminal
Justice Practices And Policies In A General Way
Key Terms:
Chicago School
Classical School Of Criminology
Correlation
Crime Rate
Criminality
Criminology
Determinism
Positivism
3
, Social Contract
Theory
Lecture Outline:
I. Introduction
A. Criminology Is Focused On The Processes Of Making And Breaking Laws
B. Criminologists Seek To Understand The "Why" Of Crime (I.E., Why Did
Person A Become A Criminal But Person B Did Not?) And The Causes
Of Crime
C. We Know Certain “Facts” Regarding The Causes And Nature Of Crime
D. Criminologists Observe The Realities Of Crime And Try To Piece
Together Explanations
a) Some Look To Individual-Level Explanations
b) Others Look To Macro-Level Explanations
II. The Origins And Evolution Of Criminology
A. Attention To Crime Can Be Traced Back To Ancient Babylonia And
The Code Of Hammurabi As Well As In The Judeo-Christian
Perspective Depicted In The Bible
B. The Family-Revenge Model Of Justice Became Dominant During The
Feudal Era
a) Trial By Battle
i. The Victim Or Victim’s Family Member Would Fight
The Offender Or Offender’s Family Member
b) Trial By Ordeal
i. The Accused Was Subject To A Test That Would
Determine His/Her Innocence (Run The Gauntlet Or
Dunked In Water While Bound With A Robe)
C. Spirituality Continued To Affect Interpretations Of Crime Causation
a) Salem Witch Trials-Result From Belief That Crime
Could Be Attributed To Witchcraft And Demonic
Possession
b) Emergence Of Penitentiaries Or Correctional Institutions In
Philadelphia By Quakers Who Believed That Isolation, Labor,
And Bible Reading Would Rehabilitate The Offender (E.G.,
Spiritual Enlightenment Can Be A Crime Solution, Just
Today’s Faith-Based Approaches)
c) Contemporary Criminologists Trace The Roots Of
Criminological Explanations Of Behavior To The
Enlightenment Period Of The Late 18th Century With Voltaire,
Rousseau, And Locke Who Were Early Philosophers Who
Emphasized Reason Over Blind Faith And Superstition
D. Introduction Of The Social Contract (Thomas Hobbes) And Moving
Away From Spiritualism And Superstition
a) Cesare Beccaria’s And Jeremy Bentham’s Writings
Characterized What Is Commonly Known As The Classical
School Of Criminology
i. Grounded In The Principles Of Deterrence (Certainty,
4
Criminological Theory: A Brief Introduction
By Mitchell Miller,
4th Edition
1
, Table Of Contents
Page
Introduction To The Instructor's 4
Manual
Part 1: Chapter Overviews And Lecture Outlines
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 6
Chapter 2: Classical And Neoclassical Criminology 14
Chapter 3: Biological Theories Of Crime 20
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories Of Crime 31
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology Of Crime 41
Chapter 6: Learning And Cultural Transmission Theories Of Crime 50
Chapter 7: Strain Theories Of Crime 60
Chapter 8: Control Theories Of Crime 68
Chapter 9: Theories Of Social Conflict 75
Chapter 10: Evaluating And Integrating Theory 85
Part 2: Test Bank Questions
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 93
Chapter 2: Classical And Neoclassical Criminology 109
Chapter 3: Biological Theories Of Crime 125
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories Of Crime 140
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology Of Crime 154
Chapter 6: Learning And Cultural Transmission Theories Of Crime 168
Chapter 7: Strain Theories Of Crime 183
Chapter 8: Control Theories Of Crime 198
Chapter 9: Theories Of Social Conflict 213
Chapter 10: Evaluating And Integrating Theory 227
Part 3: Answer Key
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 241
Chapter 2: Classical And Neoclassical Criminology 244
Chapter 3: Biological Theories Of Crime 247
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories Of Crime 250
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology Of Crime 253
Chapter 6: Learning And Cultural Transmission Theories Of Crime 256
Chapter 7: Strain Theories Of Crime 260
Chapter 8: Control Theories Of Crime 264
Chapter 9: Theories Of Social Conflict 268
Chapter 10: Evaluating And Integrating Theory 271
2
, Chapter 1
Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview
Chapter Overview:
This Chapter Begins By Defining Criminology As Focused On The Process Of Making
And Breaking Laws. It Distinguishes Criminal Justice From Criminology In That The
Former Is More “Solutions-Oriented” While The Latter Is More Concerned With The
Discovery Of Causes And Reasons For Committing Crime And Theory Creation. The
Authors Are Quick To Point Out, However, That Criminal Justice Practitioners And
Criminological Theorists Rely Upon One Another To Effect Change In Human
Behavior. The Next Section Of The Chapter Outlines The "Evolution" Of Criminology
From The Ancient Babylonian Code Of Hammurabi To The Current Hegemonic Status
Of The Sociological Perspective Of Crime. Therein, The Authors Note That
Criminologists Often Disagree About The Reasons For Crime And Its Relationship To
Various Social Problems. Some Scholars Argue In Favor Of Individual-Level
Explanations Of Human Behavior (I.E., Micro-Level Theories) While Others Espouse
Macro-Level Explanations Of Crime. These Macro-Level Theories Typically Focus On
Social Ills Such As Poverty, Unemployment, And Overall Disadvantage. The Objective
Of This Introductory Chapter Is To "Prime" The Reader Toward The Notion That A
Variety Of Theoretical Perspectives Exist And That All Have Some Bearing On Crime.
Some Theoretical Accounts Have Competing Interests While Others Are More
Complimentary. The Authors Offer Guidance To Readers To Understand How One Can
Assess The Quality Of An Individual Theory And Describe How Quality Theories Can
Help Create An Evidence-Base To Shape Criminal Justice Practice And Policies In An
Informed, Productive Way.
Learning Objectives:
After Reading This Chapter, The Student Should Be Able To:
(1) Understand The Origins Of Criminological Theory
(2) Discuss The Process Of Theory Construction
(3) Describe How To Assess The Relative Merit Of A Particular Theory On The
Grounds Of Its Explanatory Value
(4) Explain The Possible Applicability Of Criminological Theory For Criminal
Justice Practices And Policies In A General Way
Key Terms:
Chicago School
Classical School Of Criminology
Correlation
Crime Rate
Criminality
Criminology
Determinism
Positivism
3
, Social Contract
Theory
Lecture Outline:
I. Introduction
A. Criminology Is Focused On The Processes Of Making And Breaking Laws
B. Criminologists Seek To Understand The "Why" Of Crime (I.E., Why Did
Person A Become A Criminal But Person B Did Not?) And The Causes
Of Crime
C. We Know Certain “Facts” Regarding The Causes And Nature Of Crime
D. Criminologists Observe The Realities Of Crime And Try To Piece
Together Explanations
a) Some Look To Individual-Level Explanations
b) Others Look To Macro-Level Explanations
II. The Origins And Evolution Of Criminology
A. Attention To Crime Can Be Traced Back To Ancient Babylonia And
The Code Of Hammurabi As Well As In The Judeo-Christian
Perspective Depicted In The Bible
B. The Family-Revenge Model Of Justice Became Dominant During The
Feudal Era
a) Trial By Battle
i. The Victim Or Victim’s Family Member Would Fight
The Offender Or Offender’s Family Member
b) Trial By Ordeal
i. The Accused Was Subject To A Test That Would
Determine His/Her Innocence (Run The Gauntlet Or
Dunked In Water While Bound With A Robe)
C. Spirituality Continued To Affect Interpretations Of Crime Causation
a) Salem Witch Trials-Result From Belief That Crime
Could Be Attributed To Witchcraft And Demonic
Possession
b) Emergence Of Penitentiaries Or Correctional Institutions In
Philadelphia By Quakers Who Believed That Isolation, Labor,
And Bible Reading Would Rehabilitate The Offender (E.G.,
Spiritual Enlightenment Can Be A Crime Solution, Just
Today’s Faith-Based Approaches)
c) Contemporary Criminologists Trace The Roots Of
Criminological Explanations Of Behavior To The
Enlightenment Period Of The Late 18th Century With Voltaire,
Rousseau, And Locke Who Were Early Philosophers Who
Emphasized Reason Over Blind Faith And Superstition
D. Introduction Of The Social Contract (Thomas Hobbes) And Moving
Away From Spiritualism And Superstition
a) Cesare Beccaria’s And Jeremy Bentham’s Writings
Characterized What Is Commonly Known As The Classical
School Of Criminology
i. Grounded In The Principles Of Deterrence (Certainty,
4
