Chapter 1: Discovering the World of Nursing Research
h h h h h h h
Test Bank
h
MULTIPLEhCHOICE
1. Nurseshwithhahbachelor’shdegreehinhnursinghcanhparticipatehinhthehimplementationhofhevidence-
basedhprotocolshinhpractice.hThishmeanshthaththehBSNhnurse
a. Developshevidence-basedhguidelines
b. Designshresearchhstudies,honhwhichhprotocolshmayhbehbased
c. Evaluateshandhreviseshevidence-basedhprotocols
d. Contributeshpracticehwisdomhwhenhapplyinghprotocolshinhpatienthsettings
e. MentorshPhDhresearchershinhthehclinicalhsettinghduringhprotocolhdevelopment
ANS: D
NurseshwithhahBSNhdegreehhavehknowledgehofhthehresearchhprocesshandhskillshinhreadinghandhcrit
icallyhappraisinghstudies.hTheyhassisthwithhthehimplementationhofhevidence-
basedhguidelines,hprotocols,halgorithms,handhpolicieshinhpractice.hThishimplieshthathnurseshprovid
ehtheirhpointhofhview,hfromhthehclinician’shvantage,hwhenhnewhprotocolsharehbeinghputhintohpracti
ce,handhcontinuehtohprovidehfeedback,hregardinghthehpositivehandhnegativehaspectshofhthosehproto
cols.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hAnalysis REF: Pageh4
2.
Researchhishdesignedhtohtesththehideahofhprovidinghcompanionhdogshtoheldershinhahmajorhh
ospital,hinhorderhtohdeterminehtheheffecthuponhthehelders’hlevelhofhorientation.h(Thehdogs’hlevelhofh
orientationhwillhnothbehahfocushofhthehresearch.)hThishtypehofhstudyhcanhdohwhichhofhthehfollowing
?
a. Control
b. Describe
c. Explain
d. Predict
ANS: A
Controlhishthehabilityhtohmanipulatehthehsituationhtohproducehthehdesiredhoutcome.hDescriptionhin
volveshidentifyinghandhunderstandinghthehnaturehofhnursinghphenomenahand,hsometimes,hthehrela
tionshipshamonghthem.hExplanationhclarifieshthehrelationshipshamonghphenomenahandhidentifiesh
thehreasonshwhyhcertainheventshoccur.hThehabilityhtohestimatehthehprobabilityhofhahspecifichoutco
mehinhahgivenhsituationhinhnursinghpracticehishknownhashprediction.hThehresearcher’shfocushishonhp
redictinghwhathishlikely.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh13
3.
Ahresearcherhwantshtohfindhouthwhetherhchildrenhwithhautismhwhoharehhospitalizedhonhahp
ediatrichwardhwillhrequirehmorehhourshofhnursinghcarehthanhaveragehchildrenhwhenhthehparentshorh
caregiversharehnothpresent.hWhathtypehofhresearchhoutcomehdoeshthishprovide?
a. Control
b. Description
c. Explantation
, d. Prediction
ANS: D
Controlhishthehabilityhtohmanipulatehthehsituationhtohproducehthehdesiredhoutcome.hDescriptionhin
volveshidentifyinghandhunderstandinghthehnaturehofhnursinghphenomenahand,hsometimes,hthehrela
tionshipshamonghthem.hExplanationhclarifieshthehrelationshipshamonghphenomenahandhidentifiesh
thehreasonshwhyhcertainheventshoccur.hThehabilityhtohestimatehthehprobabilityhofhahspecifichoutco
mehinhahgivenhsituationhinhnursinghpracticehishknownhashprediction.hThehresearcher’shfocushishonhp
redictinghwhathishlikely.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh16
4. Ahresearcherhwhohdesireshtohdeterminehthehcause-and-
effecthrelationshiphbetweenhrequiringhthathallhchildrenhunderhthehagehofh8hwillhridehinhspecialhcareh
harnesseshandhthehsubsequenthratehofhchildren’shspinalhcordhinjuryhwillhconsequentlyhutilizehwhic
hhformhofhnursinghresearch?
a. Descriptivehresearch
b. Outcomeshresearch
c. Qualitativehresearch
d. Quantitativehresearch
ANS: D
Quantitativehresearch,hthehmosthfrequentlyhusedhmethod,hishahformal,hobjective,hsystematichmeth
odologyhtohdescribehvariables,htesthrelationships,handhexaminehcause-and-
effecthinteractions.hQuantitativehresearchhincludeshexperimentalhresearch,hwhichhishthehmethodhf
orhtestinghcause-and-
effecthrelationshipshbetweenhandhamonghspecifichvariables.hQualitativehresearchhmethodsharehuse
dhforhexplaininghmeaningshandhdescribinghexperienceshinhcontext.hDescriptivehresearchhinvolvesh
identifyinghandhunderstandinghthehnaturehofhphenomenahand,hsometimes,hthehrelationshipshamon
ghthem.hOutcomeshresearchhexamineshthehendhresulthofhcarehinhhugehpopulations,hmosthoftenhretr
ospectively,husinghahdatabase.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh3
5.
Despitehthehpresencehofhanhintraventricularhdrain,hthehintracranialhpressurehofhanhICUhneu
rohpatienthremainshincreased.hThehnursehrecalibrateshthehmachine,hmakeshsurehthehmonitorhishonht
hehsamehlevelhashthehdrain,hcheckshallhconnections,handhthenhnotifieshthehphysician,hwhohcomesht
ohthehunithandhinsertshahnewhdrain.hWhathtypehofhreasoninghpromptshthehnursehtohrecalibrate,hensu
rehproperhplacement,handhcheckhconnections?
a. Abstracthreasoning
b. Concretehthinking
c. Logistichreasoning
d. Realityhtesting
ANS: C
Logistichreasoninghishusedhtohbreakhahwholehintohpartshthathcanhbehcarefullyhexamined.hConcreteht
hinkinghishorientedhtowardhandhlimitedhbyhtangiblehthingshorhbyheventshthatharehobservedhandhexp
eriencedhinhreality.hAbstracthreasoninghishorientedhtowardhthehdevelopmenthofhanhideahwithouthap
plicationhto,horhassociationhwith,hahparticularhinstance.hRealityhtestinghishusedhtohvalidatehwhathish
observedhinhthehempiricalhworld.
, DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh6
6.
Ahnursehwithhconsiderablehclinicalhexpertisehdevelopshahpolicyhforhmanaginghagitatedhpat
ientshinhthehemergencyhdepartment.hThehresultanthpolicyhemanateshfrom
a. Abstracthreasoning
b. Concretehthinking
c. Logistichreasoning
d. Realityhtesting
ANS: A
Abstracthreasoninghishorientedhtowardhthehdevelopmenthofhanhideahwithouthapplicationhto,horhasso
ciationhwith,hahparticularhinstance.hConcretehthinkinghishorientedhtowardhandhlimitedhbyhtangibleh
thingshorhbyheventshthatharehobservedhandhexperiencedhinhreality.hLogistichreasoninghishusedhtohbr
eakhahwholehintohpartshthathcanhbehcarefullyhexamined.hRealityhtestinghishusedhtohvalidatehwhathish
observedhinhthehempiricalhworld.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh7
7.
Ahnursehwithhconsiderablehclinicalhexpertisehdevelopshahpolicyhforhmanaginghagitatedhpat
ientshinhthehemergencyhdepartment.hThehtypehofhreasoninghthehnursehuseshtohdohthishish_____hreas
oning.
a. Problematich
b. Operationalh
c. Logistich
d. Inductiveh
ANS: D
Inductivehreasoninghinvolveshreasoninghthathmoveshfromhthehspecifichtohthehgeneral,hwherebyhpa
rticularhinstancesharehobservedhandhthenhcombinedhintohahlargerhwholehorhgeneralhstatement.hPro
blematichreasoninghinvolvesh(1)hidentifyinghahproblemhandhfactorshinfluencinghit,h(2)hselectinghs
olutionshtohthehproblem,handh(3)hresolvinghthehproblem.hOperationalhreasoninghinvolveshthehident
ificationhofhandhdiscriminationhamonghmanyhalternativeshandhviewpoints.hLogistichreasoninghishu
sedhtohbreakhthehwholehintohpartshthathcanhbehcarefullyhexamined,hashthehrelationshipshamonghtheh
partshcanhalsohbe.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hSynthesis REF: Pageh7
8.
Whathishthehbesthexplanationhofhintuitionhthathformshahlegitimatehsourcehofhknowledgehinh
nursing?
a. Ithishbasedhonhknowledgehthoroughlyhincorporatedhintohthoughthbuthseldomharticulated.
b. Ithishbasedhonhahgifthfromhthehuniversehandhshouldhbehhonoredhwhenhitharrives.
c. Ithishneverhinaccurate.
d. Ithishahrevisitinghofholdhknowledge,haccompaniedhbyhdeephreflection.
ANS: A
Intuitionhishthehrevisitinghofholdhknowledgehaccompaniedhbyhdeephreflection.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh5
, 9. Whyhishoperationalhreasoninghnecessaryhforhresearch?
a. Abstracthconceptsharehofhnohusehtohnursing.
b. Standardhinterventionsharehobtainedhfromhoperationalhreasoning.
c. Ithallowshthehresearcherhtohmeasurehthehconceptshstudied.
d. Ithfacilitateshthehresearcher’shrapporthwithhfamilies.
ANS: C
Operationalhreasoninghinvolveshthehidentificationhofhandhdiscriminationhamonghmanyhalternative
shandhviewpoints.hIthfocuseshonhthehprocessh(debatinghalternatives)hratherhthanhonhthehresolution.h
Nurseshusehoperationalhreasoninghtohdevelophrealistic,hmeasurablehhealthhgoals.hThus,hoperation
alhreasoninghtakeshabstracthconceptshandhmakeshthemhfocused,hconcrete,hand,htherefore,hresearch
able.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh6
MULTIPLEhRESPONSE
1. Whatharehthehconnectionshbetweenhevidence-
basedhpracticehandhnursinghresearch?h(Selecthallhthathapply.)
a Evidence-
. basedhcarehcannothbehprovidedhtohpatientshwithouththehnursehunderstandinghsomethinghofhrese
arch.
b Ahsynthesishofhcurrenthresearchhwithinhanhareahofhnursinghishusedhtohimprovehcarehinhthatharea.
.
c Allhpatientshwithhahgivenhdiagnosishshouldhbehcaredhforhbasedhsolelyhonhresearchhknowledge.
.
d Nursinghdiagnosishandhmanagementhdependhonhahpractitioner’shexplorationhofhbesthresearchhe
. vidence.
e Nursinghresearchhprovideshevidencehthathallowshusheachhtohpracticehwithhthehsamehstylehandhc
. apability.
ANS: A,hB,hD
Evidence-
basedhpracticehinhnursinghrequireshahstronghbodyhofhresearchhknowledgehthathnurseshmusthsynthes
izehandhusehtohpromotehqualityhcarehforhtheirhpatients,hfamilies,handhcommunities.hInhorderhtohsyn
thesizehandhusehresearchhappropriately,hahnursehmusthunderstandhit.hAhnursehmusthexplorehthehbes
thresearchhevidencehabouthahpracticehproblemhbeforehusinghhishorhherhclinicalhexpertisehtohdiagno
sehandhmanagehanhindividualhpatient’shhealthhproblem.hNothallhpatientsharehtreatedhinhthehsamehw
ay,hhowever.hBecausehrealityhcanhvaryhwithhperception,handhbecausehthehfactshcanhbehrelative,hnu
rseshdohnothimposehtheirhviewshonhpatients.hRather,hnurseshhelphpatientshseekhhealthhfromhwithinh
thehpatients’hworldviews.hThishishahcriticalhcomponenthofhevidence-basedhpractice.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hAnalysis REF: Pageh11
2. Whathishthehhospitalizedhpatient’shplacehinhevidence-basedhpractice?h(Selecthallhthathapply.)
a Thehpatienthishthehrecipienthofhthehtotalhofhformalhresearchhevidencehandhthehnurse’shpracticehw
. isdom,handhthesehrepresenththehpatient’shcarehplan.
b Thehpatienthbringshvalueshtohthehclinicalhencounter,hwhichhthehnursehconsidershinhprovidinghev
. idence-basedhcare.
h h h h h h h
Test Bank
h
MULTIPLEhCHOICE
1. Nurseshwithhahbachelor’shdegreehinhnursinghcanhparticipatehinhthehimplementationhofhevidence-
basedhprotocolshinhpractice.hThishmeanshthaththehBSNhnurse
a. Developshevidence-basedhguidelines
b. Designshresearchhstudies,honhwhichhprotocolshmayhbehbased
c. Evaluateshandhreviseshevidence-basedhprotocols
d. Contributeshpracticehwisdomhwhenhapplyinghprotocolshinhpatienthsettings
e. MentorshPhDhresearchershinhthehclinicalhsettinghduringhprotocolhdevelopment
ANS: D
NurseshwithhahBSNhdegreehhavehknowledgehofhthehresearchhprocesshandhskillshinhreadinghandhcrit
icallyhappraisinghstudies.hTheyhassisthwithhthehimplementationhofhevidence-
basedhguidelines,hprotocols,halgorithms,handhpolicieshinhpractice.hThishimplieshthathnurseshprovid
ehtheirhpointhofhview,hfromhthehclinician’shvantage,hwhenhnewhprotocolsharehbeinghputhintohpracti
ce,handhcontinuehtohprovidehfeedback,hregardinghthehpositivehandhnegativehaspectshofhthosehproto
cols.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hAnalysis REF: Pageh4
2.
Researchhishdesignedhtohtesththehideahofhprovidinghcompanionhdogshtoheldershinhahmajorhh
ospital,hinhorderhtohdeterminehtheheffecthuponhthehelders’hlevelhofhorientation.h(Thehdogs’hlevelhofh
orientationhwillhnothbehahfocushofhthehresearch.)hThishtypehofhstudyhcanhdohwhichhofhthehfollowing
?
a. Control
b. Describe
c. Explain
d. Predict
ANS: A
Controlhishthehabilityhtohmanipulatehthehsituationhtohproducehthehdesiredhoutcome.hDescriptionhin
volveshidentifyinghandhunderstandinghthehnaturehofhnursinghphenomenahand,hsometimes,hthehrela
tionshipshamonghthem.hExplanationhclarifieshthehrelationshipshamonghphenomenahandhidentifiesh
thehreasonshwhyhcertainheventshoccur.hThehabilityhtohestimatehthehprobabilityhofhahspecifichoutco
mehinhahgivenhsituationhinhnursinghpracticehishknownhashprediction.hThehresearcher’shfocushishonhp
redictinghwhathishlikely.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh13
3.
Ahresearcherhwantshtohfindhouthwhetherhchildrenhwithhautismhwhoharehhospitalizedhonhahp
ediatrichwardhwillhrequirehmorehhourshofhnursinghcarehthanhaveragehchildrenhwhenhthehparentshorh
caregiversharehnothpresent.hWhathtypehofhresearchhoutcomehdoeshthishprovide?
a. Control
b. Description
c. Explantation
, d. Prediction
ANS: D
Controlhishthehabilityhtohmanipulatehthehsituationhtohproducehthehdesiredhoutcome.hDescriptionhin
volveshidentifyinghandhunderstandinghthehnaturehofhnursinghphenomenahand,hsometimes,hthehrela
tionshipshamonghthem.hExplanationhclarifieshthehrelationshipshamonghphenomenahandhidentifiesh
thehreasonshwhyhcertainheventshoccur.hThehabilityhtohestimatehthehprobabilityhofhahspecifichoutco
mehinhahgivenhsituationhinhnursinghpracticehishknownhashprediction.hThehresearcher’shfocushishonhp
redictinghwhathishlikely.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh16
4. Ahresearcherhwhohdesireshtohdeterminehthehcause-and-
effecthrelationshiphbetweenhrequiringhthathallhchildrenhunderhthehagehofh8hwillhridehinhspecialhcareh
harnesseshandhthehsubsequenthratehofhchildren’shspinalhcordhinjuryhwillhconsequentlyhutilizehwhic
hhformhofhnursinghresearch?
a. Descriptivehresearch
b. Outcomeshresearch
c. Qualitativehresearch
d. Quantitativehresearch
ANS: D
Quantitativehresearch,hthehmosthfrequentlyhusedhmethod,hishahformal,hobjective,hsystematichmeth
odologyhtohdescribehvariables,htesthrelationships,handhexaminehcause-and-
effecthinteractions.hQuantitativehresearchhincludeshexperimentalhresearch,hwhichhishthehmethodhf
orhtestinghcause-and-
effecthrelationshipshbetweenhandhamonghspecifichvariables.hQualitativehresearchhmethodsharehuse
dhforhexplaininghmeaningshandhdescribinghexperienceshinhcontext.hDescriptivehresearchhinvolvesh
identifyinghandhunderstandinghthehnaturehofhphenomenahand,hsometimes,hthehrelationshipshamon
ghthem.hOutcomeshresearchhexamineshthehendhresulthofhcarehinhhugehpopulations,hmosthoftenhretr
ospectively,husinghahdatabase.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh3
5.
Despitehthehpresencehofhanhintraventricularhdrain,hthehintracranialhpressurehofhanhICUhneu
rohpatienthremainshincreased.hThehnursehrecalibrateshthehmachine,hmakeshsurehthehmonitorhishonht
hehsamehlevelhashthehdrain,hcheckshallhconnections,handhthenhnotifieshthehphysician,hwhohcomesht
ohthehunithandhinsertshahnewhdrain.hWhathtypehofhreasoninghpromptshthehnursehtohrecalibrate,hensu
rehproperhplacement,handhcheckhconnections?
a. Abstracthreasoning
b. Concretehthinking
c. Logistichreasoning
d. Realityhtesting
ANS: C
Logistichreasoninghishusedhtohbreakhahwholehintohpartshthathcanhbehcarefullyhexamined.hConcreteht
hinkinghishorientedhtowardhandhlimitedhbyhtangiblehthingshorhbyheventshthatharehobservedhandhexp
eriencedhinhreality.hAbstracthreasoninghishorientedhtowardhthehdevelopmenthofhanhideahwithouthap
plicationhto,horhassociationhwith,hahparticularhinstance.hRealityhtestinghishusedhtohvalidatehwhathish
observedhinhthehempiricalhworld.
, DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh6
6.
Ahnursehwithhconsiderablehclinicalhexpertisehdevelopshahpolicyhforhmanaginghagitatedhpat
ientshinhthehemergencyhdepartment.hThehresultanthpolicyhemanateshfrom
a. Abstracthreasoning
b. Concretehthinking
c. Logistichreasoning
d. Realityhtesting
ANS: A
Abstracthreasoninghishorientedhtowardhthehdevelopmenthofhanhideahwithouthapplicationhto,horhasso
ciationhwith,hahparticularhinstance.hConcretehthinkinghishorientedhtowardhandhlimitedhbyhtangibleh
thingshorhbyheventshthatharehobservedhandhexperiencedhinhreality.hLogistichreasoninghishusedhtohbr
eakhahwholehintohpartshthathcanhbehcarefullyhexamined.hRealityhtestinghishusedhtohvalidatehwhathish
observedhinhthehempiricalhworld.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh7
7.
Ahnursehwithhconsiderablehclinicalhexpertisehdevelopshahpolicyhforhmanaginghagitatedhpat
ientshinhthehemergencyhdepartment.hThehtypehofhreasoninghthehnursehuseshtohdohthishish_____hreas
oning.
a. Problematich
b. Operationalh
c. Logistich
d. Inductiveh
ANS: D
Inductivehreasoninghinvolveshreasoninghthathmoveshfromhthehspecifichtohthehgeneral,hwherebyhpa
rticularhinstancesharehobservedhandhthenhcombinedhintohahlargerhwholehorhgeneralhstatement.hPro
blematichreasoninghinvolvesh(1)hidentifyinghahproblemhandhfactorshinfluencinghit,h(2)hselectinghs
olutionshtohthehproblem,handh(3)hresolvinghthehproblem.hOperationalhreasoninghinvolveshthehident
ificationhofhandhdiscriminationhamonghmanyhalternativeshandhviewpoints.hLogistichreasoninghishu
sedhtohbreakhthehwholehintohpartshthathcanhbehcarefullyhexamined,hashthehrelationshipshamonghtheh
partshcanhalsohbe.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hSynthesis REF: Pageh7
8.
Whathishthehbesthexplanationhofhintuitionhthathformshahlegitimatehsourcehofhknowledgehinh
nursing?
a. Ithishbasedhonhknowledgehthoroughlyhincorporatedhintohthoughthbuthseldomharticulated.
b. Ithishbasedhonhahgifthfromhthehuniversehandhshouldhbehhonoredhwhenhitharrives.
c. Ithishneverhinaccurate.
d. Ithishahrevisitinghofholdhknowledge,haccompaniedhbyhdeephreflection.
ANS: A
Intuitionhishthehrevisitinghofholdhknowledgehaccompaniedhbyhdeephreflection.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh5
, 9. Whyhishoperationalhreasoninghnecessaryhforhresearch?
a. Abstracthconceptsharehofhnohusehtohnursing.
b. Standardhinterventionsharehobtainedhfromhoperationalhreasoning.
c. Ithallowshthehresearcherhtohmeasurehthehconceptshstudied.
d. Ithfacilitateshthehresearcher’shrapporthwithhfamilies.
ANS: C
Operationalhreasoninghinvolveshthehidentificationhofhandhdiscriminationhamonghmanyhalternative
shandhviewpoints.hIthfocuseshonhthehprocessh(debatinghalternatives)hratherhthanhonhthehresolution.h
Nurseshusehoperationalhreasoninghtohdevelophrealistic,hmeasurablehhealthhgoals.hThus,hoperation
alhreasoninghtakeshabstracthconceptshandhmakeshthemhfocused,hconcrete,hand,htherefore,hresearch
able.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hApplication REF: Pageh6
MULTIPLEhRESPONSE
1. Whatharehthehconnectionshbetweenhevidence-
basedhpracticehandhnursinghresearch?h(Selecthallhthathapply.)
a Evidence-
. basedhcarehcannothbehprovidedhtohpatientshwithouththehnursehunderstandinghsomethinghofhrese
arch.
b Ahsynthesishofhcurrenthresearchhwithinhanhareahofhnursinghishusedhtohimprovehcarehinhthatharea.
.
c Allhpatientshwithhahgivenhdiagnosishshouldhbehcaredhforhbasedhsolelyhonhresearchhknowledge.
.
d Nursinghdiagnosishandhmanagementhdependhonhahpractitioner’shexplorationhofhbesthresearchhe
. vidence.
e Nursinghresearchhprovideshevidencehthathallowshusheachhtohpracticehwithhthehsamehstylehandhc
. apability.
ANS: A,hB,hD
Evidence-
basedhpracticehinhnursinghrequireshahstronghbodyhofhresearchhknowledgehthathnurseshmusthsynthes
izehandhusehtohpromotehqualityhcarehforhtheirhpatients,hfamilies,handhcommunities.hInhorderhtohsyn
thesizehandhusehresearchhappropriately,hahnursehmusthunderstandhit.hAhnursehmusthexplorehthehbes
thresearchhevidencehabouthahpracticehproblemhbeforehusinghhishorhherhclinicalhexpertisehtohdiagno
sehandhmanagehanhindividualhpatient’shhealthhproblem.hNothallhpatientsharehtreatedhinhthehsamehw
ay,hhowever.hBecausehrealityhcanhvaryhwithhperception,handhbecausehthehfactshcanhbehrelative,hnu
rseshdohnothimposehtheirhviewshonhpatients.hRather,hnurseshhelphpatientshseekhhealthhfromhwithinh
thehpatients’hworldviews.hThishishahcriticalhcomponenthofhevidence-basedhpractice.
DIF: CognitivehLevel:hAnalysis REF: Pageh11
2. Whathishthehhospitalizedhpatient’shplacehinhevidence-basedhpractice?h(Selecthallhthathapply.)
a Thehpatienthishthehrecipienthofhthehtotalhofhformalhresearchhevidencehandhthehnurse’shpracticehw
. isdom,handhthesehrepresenththehpatient’shcarehplan.
b Thehpatienthbringshvalueshtohthehclinicalhencounter,hwhichhthehnursehconsidershinhprovidinghev
. idence-basedhcare.
