Solutions Manual
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 13th edition
Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan
Prepared by
Brad Jordan
University of Florida
Joe Smolira
Belmont University
A+ Page 0
,CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE
FINANCE
Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions
1. Capital budgeting (deciding whether to expand a manufacturing plant), capital structure (deciding
whether to issue new equity and use the proceeds to retire outstanding debt), and working capital
management (modifying the firm‘s credit collection policy with its customers).
2. Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited life, difficulty in transferring ownership, difficulty in
raising capital funds. Some advantages: simpler, less regulation, the owners are also the managers,
sometimes personal tax rates are better than corporate tax rates.
3. The primary disadvantage of the corporate form is the double taxation to shareholders of distributed
earnings and dividends. Some advantages include: limited liability, ease of transferability, ability to
raise capital, and unlimited life.
4. In response to Sarbanes-Oxley, small firms have elected to go dark because of the costs of
compliance. The costs to comply with Sarbox can be several million dollars, which can be a large
percentage of a small firm‘s profits. A major cost of going dark is less access to capital. Since the
firm is no longer publicly traded, it can no longer raise money in the public market. Although the
company will still have access to bank loans and the private equity market, the costs associated with
raising funds in these markets are usually higher than the costs of raising funds in the public market.
5. The treasurer‘s office and the controller‘s office are the two primary organizational groups that
report directly to the chief financial officer. The controller‘s office handles cost and financial
accounting, tax management, and management information systems, while the treasurer‘s office is
responsible for cash and credit management, capital budgeting, and financial planning. Therefore,
the study of corporate finance is concentrated within the treasury group‘s functions.
6. To maximize the current market value (share price) of the equity of the firm (whether it‘s publicly
traded or not).
7. In the corporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. The shareholders
elect the directors of the corporation, who in turn appoint the firm‘s management. This separation of
ownership from control in the corporate form of organization is what causes agency problems to
exist. Management may act in its own or someone else‘s best interests, rather than those of the
shareholders. If such events occur, they may contradict the goal of maximizing the share price of the
equity of the firm.
8. A primary market transaction.
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,Created by AllNursingTestBank
9. In auction markets like the NYSE, brokers and agents meet at a physical location (the exchange) to
match buyers and sellers of assets. Dealer markets like NASDAQ consist of dealers operating at
dispersed locales who buy and sell assets themselves, communicating with other dealers either
electronically or literally over-the-counter.
10. Such organizations frequently pursue social or political missions, so many different goals are
conceivable. One goal that is often cited is revenue minimization; that is, provide whatever goods
and services are offered at the lowest possible cost to society. A better approach might be to observe
that even a not-for-profit business has equity. Thus, one answer is that the appropriate goal is to
maximize the value of the equity.
11. Presumably, the current stock value reflects the risk, timing, and magnitude of all future cash flows,
both short-term and long-term. If this is correct, then the statement is false.
12. An argument can be made either way. At the one extreme, we could argue that in a market economy,
all of these things are priced. There is thus an optimal level of, for example, ethical and/or illegal
behavior, and the framework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we
could argue that these are noneconomic phenomena and are best handled through the political
process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something
like this: ―A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30
million. However, the firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20
million in product liability claims. What should the firm do?‖
13. The goal will be the same, but the best course of action toward that goal may be different because of
differing social, political, and economic institutions.
14. The goal of management should be to maximize the share price for the current shareholders. If
management believes that it can improve the profitability of the firm so that the share price will
exceed $35, then they should fight the offer from the outside company. If management believes that
this bidder or other unidentified bidders will actually pay more than $35 per share to acquire the
company, then they should still fight the offer. However, if the current management cannot increase
the value of the firm beyond the bid price, and no other higher bids come in, then management is not
acting in the interests of the shareholders by fighting the offer. Since current managers often lose
their jobs when the corporation is acquired, poorly monitored managers have an incentive to fight
corporate takeovers in situations such as this.
15. We would expect agency problems to be less severe in countries with a relatively small percentage
of individual ownership. Fewer individual owners should reduce the number of diverse opinions
concerning corporate goals. The high percentage of institutional ownership might lead to a higher
degree of agreement between owners and managers on decisions concerning risky projects. In
addition, institutions may be better able to implement effective monitoring mechanisms on managers
than can individual owners, based on the institutions‘ deeper resources and experiences with their
own management. The increase in institutional ownership of stock in the United States and the
growing activism of these large shareholder groups may lead to a reduction in agency problems for
U.S. corporations and a more efficient market for corporate control.
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, Created by AllNursingTestBank
16. How much is too much? Who is worth more, Mark Parker or LeBron James? The
simplest answer is that there is a market for executives just as there is for all types
of labor. Executive compensation is the price that clears the market. The same is
true for athletes and performers. Having said that, one aspect of executive
compensation deserves comment. A primary reason executive compensation has
grown so dramatically is that companies have increasingly moved to stock-based
compensation. Such movement is obviously consistent with the attempt to better
align stockholder and management interests. In recent years, stock prices have
soared, so management has cleaned up. It is sometimes argued that much of this
reward is due to rising stock prices in general, not managerial performance. Perhaps
in the future, executive compensation will be designed to reward only differential
performance, that is, stock price increases in excess of general market increases.
CHAPTER 2
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES, ANDCASH FLOW
Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions
1. Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash
without significant loss in value. It‘s desirable for firms to have high liquidity so
that they have a large factor of safety in meeting short-term creditor demands.
However, since liquidity also has an opportunity cost associated with it—namely
that higher returns can generally be found by investing the cash into productive
assets—low liquidity levels are also desirable to the firm. It‘s up to the firm‘s
financial management staff to find a reasonable compromise between these
opposing needs.
2. The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues,
and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be ―booked‖ when the
revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected
or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; it‘s the way
accountants have chosen to do it.
A+ Page 3
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 13th edition
Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan
Prepared by
Brad Jordan
University of Florida
Joe Smolira
Belmont University
A+ Page 0
,CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE
FINANCE
Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions
1. Capital budgeting (deciding whether to expand a manufacturing plant), capital structure (deciding
whether to issue new equity and use the proceeds to retire outstanding debt), and working capital
management (modifying the firm‘s credit collection policy with its customers).
2. Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited life, difficulty in transferring ownership, difficulty in
raising capital funds. Some advantages: simpler, less regulation, the owners are also the managers,
sometimes personal tax rates are better than corporate tax rates.
3. The primary disadvantage of the corporate form is the double taxation to shareholders of distributed
earnings and dividends. Some advantages include: limited liability, ease of transferability, ability to
raise capital, and unlimited life.
4. In response to Sarbanes-Oxley, small firms have elected to go dark because of the costs of
compliance. The costs to comply with Sarbox can be several million dollars, which can be a large
percentage of a small firm‘s profits. A major cost of going dark is less access to capital. Since the
firm is no longer publicly traded, it can no longer raise money in the public market. Although the
company will still have access to bank loans and the private equity market, the costs associated with
raising funds in these markets are usually higher than the costs of raising funds in the public market.
5. The treasurer‘s office and the controller‘s office are the two primary organizational groups that
report directly to the chief financial officer. The controller‘s office handles cost and financial
accounting, tax management, and management information systems, while the treasurer‘s office is
responsible for cash and credit management, capital budgeting, and financial planning. Therefore,
the study of corporate finance is concentrated within the treasury group‘s functions.
6. To maximize the current market value (share price) of the equity of the firm (whether it‘s publicly
traded or not).
7. In the corporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. The shareholders
elect the directors of the corporation, who in turn appoint the firm‘s management. This separation of
ownership from control in the corporate form of organization is what causes agency problems to
exist. Management may act in its own or someone else‘s best interests, rather than those of the
shareholders. If such events occur, they may contradict the goal of maximizing the share price of the
equity of the firm.
8. A primary market transaction.
A+ Page 1
,Created by AllNursingTestBank
9. In auction markets like the NYSE, brokers and agents meet at a physical location (the exchange) to
match buyers and sellers of assets. Dealer markets like NASDAQ consist of dealers operating at
dispersed locales who buy and sell assets themselves, communicating with other dealers either
electronically or literally over-the-counter.
10. Such organizations frequently pursue social or political missions, so many different goals are
conceivable. One goal that is often cited is revenue minimization; that is, provide whatever goods
and services are offered at the lowest possible cost to society. A better approach might be to observe
that even a not-for-profit business has equity. Thus, one answer is that the appropriate goal is to
maximize the value of the equity.
11. Presumably, the current stock value reflects the risk, timing, and magnitude of all future cash flows,
both short-term and long-term. If this is correct, then the statement is false.
12. An argument can be made either way. At the one extreme, we could argue that in a market economy,
all of these things are priced. There is thus an optimal level of, for example, ethical and/or illegal
behavior, and the framework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we
could argue that these are noneconomic phenomena and are best handled through the political
process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something
like this: ―A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30
million. However, the firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20
million in product liability claims. What should the firm do?‖
13. The goal will be the same, but the best course of action toward that goal may be different because of
differing social, political, and economic institutions.
14. The goal of management should be to maximize the share price for the current shareholders. If
management believes that it can improve the profitability of the firm so that the share price will
exceed $35, then they should fight the offer from the outside company. If management believes that
this bidder or other unidentified bidders will actually pay more than $35 per share to acquire the
company, then they should still fight the offer. However, if the current management cannot increase
the value of the firm beyond the bid price, and no other higher bids come in, then management is not
acting in the interests of the shareholders by fighting the offer. Since current managers often lose
their jobs when the corporation is acquired, poorly monitored managers have an incentive to fight
corporate takeovers in situations such as this.
15. We would expect agency problems to be less severe in countries with a relatively small percentage
of individual ownership. Fewer individual owners should reduce the number of diverse opinions
concerning corporate goals. The high percentage of institutional ownership might lead to a higher
degree of agreement between owners and managers on decisions concerning risky projects. In
addition, institutions may be better able to implement effective monitoring mechanisms on managers
than can individual owners, based on the institutions‘ deeper resources and experiences with their
own management. The increase in institutional ownership of stock in the United States and the
growing activism of these large shareholder groups may lead to a reduction in agency problems for
U.S. corporations and a more efficient market for corporate control.
A+ Page 2
, Created by AllNursingTestBank
16. How much is too much? Who is worth more, Mark Parker or LeBron James? The
simplest answer is that there is a market for executives just as there is for all types
of labor. Executive compensation is the price that clears the market. The same is
true for athletes and performers. Having said that, one aspect of executive
compensation deserves comment. A primary reason executive compensation has
grown so dramatically is that companies have increasingly moved to stock-based
compensation. Such movement is obviously consistent with the attempt to better
align stockholder and management interests. In recent years, stock prices have
soared, so management has cleaned up. It is sometimes argued that much of this
reward is due to rising stock prices in general, not managerial performance. Perhaps
in the future, executive compensation will be designed to reward only differential
performance, that is, stock price increases in excess of general market increases.
CHAPTER 2
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES, ANDCASH FLOW
Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions
1. Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash
without significant loss in value. It‘s desirable for firms to have high liquidity so
that they have a large factor of safety in meeting short-term creditor demands.
However, since liquidity also has an opportunity cost associated with it—namely
that higher returns can generally be found by investing the cash into productive
assets—low liquidity levels are also desirable to the firm. It‘s up to the firm‘s
financial management staff to find a reasonable compromise between these
opposing needs.
2. The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues,
and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be ―booked‖ when the
revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected
or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; it‘s the way
accountants have chosen to do it.
A+ Page 3
