Aphy 101 Final Exam Study Guide 260 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers - Latest update

Aphy 101 Final Exam Study Guide 260 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers - Latest update What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - Correct Answer Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts" "What are the levels of organization? - Correct Answer subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism" "What are the requirements of life? - Correct Answer Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure" "What are the characteristics of life? - Correct Answer Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)" "transcytosis - Correct Answer the transport of macromolecular cargo from one side of a cell to the other within a membrane-bounded carrier" "transport mechanisms that are passive mechanisms - Correct Answer simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration" "What is the difference among isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions? - Correct Answer A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called isotonic; one with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is hypertonic; one with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic." "What is a hypotonic solution? - Correct Answer the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst" "Define homeostasis - Correct Answer Body's maintenance of a stable environment" "What is a homeostatic mechanism? - Correct Answer the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure" "Define matter - Correct Answer Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements." "Define element - Correct Answer fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms" "Define atoms - Correct Answer smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter" "What is the structure of an atom? - Correct Answer An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus." "Atomic nucleus - Correct Answer the nucleus contains protons and neutrons" "Proton - Correct Answer subatomic particle that has a positive charge" "Neutron - Correct Answer subatomic particle that has no charge" "Electron - Correct Answer subatomic particle that has a negative charge" "Atomic number - Correct Answer number or protons in nucleus" "Atomic mass - Correct Answer number of protons plus number of neutrons" "What are covalent bonds? - Correct Answer Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells" "What are ionic bonds? - Correct Answer 2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom" "What are hydrogen bonds? - Correct Answer Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water molecules" "Define ion - Correct Answer When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions." "Define synthesis reaction - Correct Answer Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together" "Define decomposition reaction - Correct Answer Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones" "Define exchange reaction - Correct Answer Parts of molecules trade places" "Define reactant - Correct Answer The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules" "Define product - Correct Answer Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction" "Define catalyst - Correct Answer influence the rates of chemical reactions" "What is an acid? - Correct Answer Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water" "What is a base? - Correct Answer Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water" "What is a salt? - Correct Answer Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes" "What is a pH scale? - Correct Answer represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution" "Neutral solution - Correct Answer pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-" "Acidic solution - Correct Answer pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H+" "Basic solution - Correct Answer pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-" "What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? - Correct Answer organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not" "What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - Correct Answer Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers." "What are carbohydrates? - Correct Answer Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen." "What are lipids? - Correct Answer Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids." "What are proteins? - Correct Answer Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers Play vital role in metabolism bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds" "What are nucleic acids? - Correct Answer Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA." "Fats (triglycerides) - Correct Answer Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body Can supply more energy than carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6) Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule Saturated and unsaturated" "phospholipids - Correct Answer major component of cell membranes; large amounts in nervous system 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule" "steroids - Correct Answer 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol" "Define amino acids - Correct Answer building block of proteins" "What are enzymes? - Correct Answer large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change" "What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - Correct Answer RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes." "cell membrane - Correct Answer regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells" "nucleus - Correct Answer surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production" "cytoplasm - Correct Answer consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles" "cytosol - Correct Answer the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various organelles are suspended" "organelles - Correct Answer small, specialized structures in cells which operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks" "What are the functions of the cell membrane? - Correct Answer controls the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell from its surroundings" "What is the structure of the cell membrane? - Correct Answer a double layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward" "Ribosome - Correct Answer tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis" "endoplasmic reticulum - Correct Answer the manufacturing plant; responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell" "Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. - Correct Answer With ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis." "Golgi apparatus - Correct Answer UPS or FedEx; packages and modifies proteins for transport and export out of the cell" "Mitochondria - Correct Answer the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration" "Lysosome - Correct Answer "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria" "Peroxisome - Correct Answer contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol" "Centrosome - Correct Answer structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division" "Cilia - Correct Answer motile extensions from the cell" "Flagella - Correct Answer long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move" "Vesicle - Correct Answer small, membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell" "nuclear envelope - Correct Answer a double-layered porous membrane; separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm" "nuclear pores - Correct Answer regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together" "nucleolus - Correct Answer The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein" "chromatin - Correct Answer It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA" "diffusion - Correct Answer the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached" "osmosis - Correct Answer transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute" "facilitated diffusion - Correct Answer a process ions use to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane" "filtration - Correct Answer passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure" "active transport - Correct Answer a carrier molecule transports substances from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration" "endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) - Correct Answer active transport mechanism in which molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle in the cell" "What is hypertonic solution? - Correct Answer The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze" "Steps of the cell cycle - Correct Answer interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis" "What are the two types of metabolic reactions? - Correct Answer Anabolism and Catabolism" "Anabolism - Correct Answer Small molecules are built up into larger molecules, requiring energy" "Catabolism - Correct Answer larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy" "What happens when an enzyme substrate complex is formed? - Correct Answer When the enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product (or products) of the reaction." "What is the active site on an enzyme? - Correct Answer Active sites on the enzyme combine with the substrate and a reaction occurs." "Denaturation - Correct Answer the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no longer carry out its cellular function." "What is ATP? - Correct Answer the primary source of energy for a cell" "How do cells get the energy to make ATP? - Correct Answer By breaking apart glucose molecules" "What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are produced? - Correct Answer Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP." "What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end? - Correct Answer The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules." "What is anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced? Where in the cell does it take place? - Correct Answer Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2 ATP. Anaerobic reactions occur in the cytoplasm." "What is the electron transport chain? - Correct Answer The electron transport chain passes each electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that energy to ATP synthase" "What are the characteristics of DNA? - Correct Answer Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to form a double helix consisting of "sugar-phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the "rungs."" "What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? - Correct Answer (A) adenine (T) thymine (C) cytosine (G) guanine" "What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? - Correct Answer A T C G" "Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - Correct Answer Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis." "Nucleotides - Correct Answer Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases" "What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? - Correct Answer A) adenine (T) uracil (C) cytosine (G) guanine" "How is RNA made? - Correct Answer All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases." "List the steps of protein synthesis. - Correct Answer During protein synthesis tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds." "Transcription - Correct Answer the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA" "Translation - Correct Answer The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids." "codons - Correct Answer set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding to one of the 20 types of amino acids" "How does DNA replicate? - Correct Answer During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between the base pairs. The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form between the new and the old. Enzymes catalyze the base pair bonding and the knitting together of the sugar-phosphate backbone." "Mutations - Correct Answer The rare distinctions in DNA sequence that affect how we look or feel. Mutations may be spontaneous (due to transient mispairing during DNA replication) or induced by exposure to certain chemicals or radiation." "What is a tissue? - Correct Answer layers or groups of similar cells with a common function" "What are the four types of tissues in the body? - Correct Answer Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues" "What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue? - Correct Answer Covers body surface and organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs, composes glands, lacks blood vessels, cells readily divide, and cells are tightly packed; they function in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception." "How are most epithelial tissues named? - Correct Answer Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers" "What is glandular epithelium? - Correct Answer a single cell or a mass of cells; produces and secretes substances into ducts or into body fluids" "Simple Squamous Epithelium - Correct Answer single layer of thin, flattened cells; it functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities" "Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - Correct Answer single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei; it functions in secretion and absorption in the kidneys, and in secretion in glands" "Simple Columnar Epithelium - Correct Answer a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane; it lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients" "Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - Correct Answer These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered; in the female reproductive tract, cilia on these cells aid in moving eggs through the oviducts to the uterus" "Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Correct Answer layers of flattened cells that are designed to protect underlying layers; it makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal." "Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - Correct Answer three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas" "Stratified Columnar Epithelium - Correct Answer several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx" "Transitional Epithelium - Correct Answer designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder" "What are the general characteristics of connective tissue? Cell types? Fiber types? - Correct Answer Bind, support protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells; The fibroblast is the most common cell type, and is a large, star-shaped cell that secretes fibers and is fixed into position; Strong collagenous fibers (white fibers), made of the protein collagen, add strength for holding body parts together" "Adipose Tissue - Correct Answer connective tissue designed to store fat; it is found beneath the skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal organs, and in certain abdominal membranes" "Dense Connective Tissue - Correct Answer Densely packed collagenous fibers; very strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part of tendons and ligaments." "Cartilage - Correct Answer rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework; lacks blood supply" "3 types of cartilage - Correct Answer Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage" "condrocyte - Correct Answer cartilage cell" "osteocyte - Correct Answer bone cell" "Canaliculi - Correct Answer small channels through matrix; necessary for nutrient and wast exchange" "3 types of muscle tissue - Correct Answer skeletal, smooth, and cardiac" "skeletal muscle tissue - Correct Answer muscles attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious effort; also called voluntary muscle tissue; long and narrow cells" "smooth muscle tissue - Correct Answer comprises walls of hollow internal organs like stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary movements of internal organs" "cardiac muscle tissue - Correct Answer heart movements; involuntary" "difference between neurons and neuroglia - Correct Answer Neurons are highly specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another; the basic functional units of nervous tissue Neuroglia brace and protect neurons, but are not capable of generating and transmitting nerve impulses." "What is the epidermis? - Correct Answer outer layer of skin" "What is the dermis? - Correct Answer inner layer of skin" "What is the subcutaneous layer? - Correct Answer It is also known as the hypodermis, and it's the inner most layer of skin; binds the skin to underlying organs and contains the blood vessels that supply the skin" "what cells and pigments produce skin color? - Correct Answer melanocytes produce meanin" "What is the arrector pili muscle? - Correct Answer A bundle of smooth muscle cells attached to each hair follicle." "What is the sebaceous gland? - Correct Answer associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum that waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts" "What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? - Correct Answer Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous and respond throughout to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or physical exertion. apocrine glands produce sweat in response to emotional tension, heat and sexual activity; present from birth, activate during puberty" "What are the parts of a long bone? - Correct Answer Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Periosteum" "Epiphysis - Correct Answer Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones" "Diaphysis - Correct Answer Shaft of a long bone bone" "Medullary cavity - Correct Answer The diaphysis contains a hollow medullary cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with marrow." "Periosteum - Correct Answer tough layer of vascular connective tissue in long bone, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons" "What is compact bone? - Correct Answer tightly packed tissue that covers the wall of the diaphysis; there are no gaps" "Spongy bone? - Correct Answer Lighter section of the bone often filled with red bone marrow. This is what epiphyses are composed of." "Describe the process of ossification. - Correct Answer Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium, the perichondrium is converted into a periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone, osteoclasts create a narrow cavity." "What is the ephiphyseal plate (disk)? - Correct Answer A band of hyaline cartilage that forms between the two ossification centers; responsible for lengthening bones It functions as the center for cell growth in the distal ends of long bones, it controls the growth of long bones." "Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. - Correct Answer Osteocytes- mature bone cells Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells Osteoclasts- cell that erodes bone" "What are the functions of the skeletal system? - Correct Answer Supports the body, protects innards, production of blood cells, provide place for muscle attachment, store minerals and salts" "What is the axial skeleton? - Correct Answer skull, spine, rib cage" "Appendicular skeleton - Correct Answer Upper limbs, Lower limbs, Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle" "What are the steps of fracture repair? - Correct Answer hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling by osteoclasts to get back to its original shape" "How are bones classified? - Correct Answer according to their shapes -- long, short, flat or irregular" "synovial joint - Correct Answer most common and complex joint in skeletal system; allow free movement and are diarthrotic it consists of articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, and reinforcing ligaments" "articular cartilage - Correct Answer reduces wear on the bone ends and minimizes friction" "joint capsule - Correct Answer consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue that joins the periosteum, and an inner layer made up of synovial membrane" "ligament - Correct Answer tough collagenous fibers that reinforce the joint capsule and help bind articular ends of bones" "synovial membrane - Correct Answer covers surfaces within the joint capsule" "synovial fluid - Correct Answer comes from the synovial membrane, egg white consistency, decreases friction from movement of joint; it lubricates the joint and nourishes the structures in the joint" "meniscus - Correct Answer cushion articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight" "bursae - Correct Answer Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane on the inside and make synovial fluid. Cushion and aid the movement of tendons that glide over bony parts of other tendons" "What are the six different types of synovial joints? - Correct Answer plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball & socket" "FLEXION - Correct Answer decreases the angle of the joint and brings 2 bones closer together" "OPPOSITION - Correct Answer touching the opposing thumb with a finger" "DEPRESSION - Correct Answer moving the part inferiorly like drooping the shoulders (opening the mouth, lowering the jaw)" "ELEVATION - Correct Answer lifting the body parts superiorly like shrugging your shoulders (closing the mouth, raising the jaw)" "PROTRACTION - Correct Answer a non-angular movement in the transverse plane (moving the jaw forward)" "RETRACTION - Correct Answer moving the jaw backwards" "EVERSION - Correct Answer turning the sole of the foot lateral" "INVERSION - Correct Answer turning the sole of the foot medially" "SUPINATION - Correct Answer turning backwards or rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces upward; this is the anatomical position and the radius and ulna are parallel in this position" "PRONATION - Correct Answer (opposite of supination) the forearm rotates medially and the palm faces down. this is the relaxed position." "ROTATION - Correct Answer turning a bone on the long axis like shaking the head no" "CIRCUMDUCTION - Correct Answer moving the distal end of a limb in a circle and the proximal end is stationary" "EXTENSION - Correct Answer increases the angle of the joint and the 2 bones are further apart" "DORSIFLEXION - Correct Answer lifting the foot so the superior surfaces approaches the shin, like rocking on your heels" "PLANTAR FLEXION - Correct Answer pointing the toes downward, like on your tip toes" "ABDUCTION - Correct Answer moving a limb away from the midline or median" "ADDUCTION - Correct Answer moving a limb towards the midline" "fascia - Correct Answer sheets of connective tissue that separates an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and holds it in place" "tendon - Correct Answer bands of dense connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bone" "What are the parts of the middle ears? - Correct Answer The middle ear begins with the tympanic membrane, which is an air-filled space housing the auditory ossicles. Three auditory ossicles are the malleus, incus, and stapes." "3 Parts of the Labyrinths - INNER EAR - Correct Answer cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule" "How are sound vibrations transmitted to the inner ear? - Correct Answer The tympanic membrane vibrates the malleus, which vibrates the incus, then the stapes. The stapes vibrates the fluid inside the oval window of the inner ear." "What is static equilibrium? - Correct Answer help to maintain the position of the head when the head and body are still the organs of static equilibrium are located within the bony vestibule of the inner ear, inside the utricle and saccule (expansions of the membranous labyrinth). A macula, consisting of hair cells and supporting cells, lies inside the utricle and saccule" "What is dynamic equilibrium? - Correct Answer help to maintain balance when the head and body suddenly move and rotate The organs of dynamic equilibrium are called cristae ampullaris, and are located in the ampulla of each semicircular canal of the inner ear" "retina - Correct Answer contains photoreceptors" "cornea - Correct Answer helps focus entering light rays" "iris - Correct Answer colored portion of the eye and adjusts the amount of light entering the eye" "lens - Correct Answer transparent structure of the eye that changes shape to focus light onto the retina" "sclera - Correct Answer the white portion of the eye" "choroid coat - Correct Answer " "what part of the eye are rods and cones found? - Correct Answer the inner nervous tunic" "What are the rods and cones? - Correct Answer Rods are more sensitive to light and function in dim light; they produce colorless vision. Cones provide sharp images in bright light and enable us to see in color." "aponeuroses - Correct Answer sheets of connective tissue which may attach muscle to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles" "explain why skeletal muscle fibers appear striated - Correct Answer myofibrils contain 2 kinds of protein filaments -- thick ones composed of myosin and thin ones composed of actin. the organization of these filaments produces the characteristics alternating light and dark striations of skeletal muscle fiber." "myofibril - Correct Answer parallel, threadlike structures; bundles of protein in a muscle cell; play a fundamental role in muscle contraction; long bundles of contractile proteins found in the sarcoplasm" "Which are components of thin filaments? - Correct Answer actin, troponin, tropomyosin" "myosin - Correct Answer makes up thick filaments" "sarcolemma - Correct Answer plasma membrane of a muscle cell" "sarcomere - Correct Answer distance between Z lines; extends from one Z line to the next and constitutes one contractile unit of a muscle" "sarcoplasm - Correct Answer the cytoplasm found in muscle cells" "sarcoplasmic reticulum - Correct Answer endoplasmic reticulum of other cells" "transverse tubules - Correct Answer The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules activate the muscle contraction mechanism when the fiber is stimulated." "What is the function of actin and myosin? - Correct Answer According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, the myosin crossbridge attaches to the binding site on the actin filament and bends, pulling on the actin filament; it then releases and attaches to the next binding site on the actin, pulling again" "What is the neuromuscular junction? - Correct Answer the connection between the motor neuron and muscle fiber" "Acetycholine - Correct Answer A neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement, sleep and wakefulness. The neurotransmitter used at the skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction." "Origin and Insertion - Correct Answer The immovable end of a muscle is the origin, while the movable end is the insertion; contraction pulls the insertion toward the origin." "Difference between synergists and antagonists? - Correct Answer Helper muscles are called synergists; opposing muscles are called antagonists" "prime mover - Correct Answer muscle doing majority of work" "What is the central nervous system (CNS)? - Correct Answer The brain and the spinal cord which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system." "What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? - Correct Answer All of the peripheral nerves that connect all of the parts of the body with the CNS. These are the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord." "What is the autonomic nervous system? - Correct Answer maintains homeostasis of visceral activities without conscious effort." "What is the somatic nervous system? - Correct Answer division of PNS; communicates voluntary instructions to skeletal muscles" "What are the basic parts of a neuron? - Correct Answer cell body with mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, Nissl bodies containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, and neurofibrils." "What are the functional classifications of neurons? - Correct Answer Neurons can be grouped in two ways: on the basis of structural differences (bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar neurons) and by functional differences (sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons)." "List the neuroglial cells and what are their functions. - Correct Answer 1. Microglial cells are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. 2. Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord. 3. Astrocytes are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces. 4. Ependyma cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles." "Resting Potential - Correct Answer In a resting nerve cell the potential difference between the potassium ions inside the membrane and the sodium ions outside the membrane" "what is the resting potential value? - Correct Answer -70 millivolts" "polarization - Correct Answer A cell membrane is usually polarized, with an excess of negative charges on the inside of the membrane; polarization is important to the conduction of nerve impulses" "depolarization - Correct Answer When the membrane potential becomes less negative, the membrane is depolarized. If sufficiently strong depolarization occurs, a threshold potential is achieved as ion channels open. At threshold, action potential is reached." "repolarization - Correct Answer At the same time, potassium channels open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell, the membrane becomes repolarized, and resting potential is reestablished." "what is action potential? - Correct Answer At threshold potential, membrane permeability to sodium suddenly changes in the region of stimulation. As sodium channels open, sodium ions rush in, and the membrane potential changes and becomes depolarized. At the same time, potassium channels open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell, the membrane becomes repolarized, and resting potential is reestablished. This rapid sequence of events is the action potential." "saltatory conduction - Correct Answer when myelinated fibers conduct impulses from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier; it is many times faster than conduction on unmyelinated neurons" "synapse - Correct Answer a junction between two neurons" "meninges - Correct Answer membranes that are located between the bone and the soft tissues of the nervous system that protect the brain and spinal cord" "What are the three layers of meninges? - Correct Answer dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater" "ventricles - Correct Answer four interconnected cavities in the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem; they are continuous with central canal of spinal cord and filled with CSF" "What is the function of the spinal cord? - Correct Answer Two main functions of spinal cord center for spinal reflexes, conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain" "ascending tracts - Correct Answer conduct sensory impulses to the brain; comprised of axons" "descending tracts - Correct Answer conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands; comprised of axons" "lobes - Correct Answer named according to the bones they underlie and include the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and insula." "fissures - Correct Answer Two deep longitudinal grooves (anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus) divide the cord into right and left halves." "What role do the convolutions play in the brain? - Correct Answer Increase the surface area of the brain" "gyri - Correct Answer the puffs or ridges that cover the cerebral surface" "sulci - Correct Answer shallow grooves on cerebral surface; divide each hemisphere into lobes" "Functions of cerebrum? - Correct Answer Higher brain functions including interpreting sensory impulses; initiating muscular movements; storing memory; reasoning, and intelligence" "What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe? - Correct Answer planning; initiation and inhibition of voluntary motion; cognitive function" "What is the function of the Parietal Lobe? - Correct Answer receives sensory information; integrates information from vision, audition and somatic information" "What is the function of the Temporal Lobe? - Correct Answer receives auditory information; important for audition & language processing" "What is the function of the Occipital Lobe? - Correct Answer receives visual information" "basal ganglia - Correct Answer masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebral hemispheres that relay motor impulses from the cerebrum and help to control motor activities by producing inhibitory dopamine" "Diencephalon - Correct Answer Processes sensory input; The diencephalon lies above the brain stem and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus." "What are the major functions of the hypothalamus? - Correct Answer Maintains homeostasis by regulating a variety of visceral activities and by linking the nervous and endocrine systems." "What are the major functions of the thalamus? - Correct Answer "Gateway to the sensory cortex." Receives all sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell) and channels them to appropriate regions of the cortex for interpretation. The thalamus is not only a messenger but also an editor." "what are major parts of brain? - Correct Answer cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem" "what are parts of the brainstem? - Correct Answer midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata" "Functions of the midbrain? - Correct Answer Contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that convey impulses to and from higher parts of the brain, and masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers. It contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes." "Functions of the pons? - Correct Answer transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord, and contains centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing" "Functions of the medulla oblongota? - Correct Answer control visceral functions, including the cardiac center that controls heart rate, the vasomotor center for blood pressure control, and the respiratory center that works to control the rate and depth of breathing" "What is the cerebellum? - Correct Answer communication with other parts of the CNS by tracts; integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts; coordinates skeletal muscle activity; maintains posture" "sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations" "parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer most active under ordinary, restful conditions; it also counters the effects of the sympathetic division and restores the body to a resting state following a stressful experience" "What are the five types of sensory receptors? - Correct Answer chemoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors" "sensory adaptation - Correct Answer the ability to ignore unimportant stimuli" "Three types of receptors detect touch and pressure - Correct Answer free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles" "free nerve endings - Correct Answer Free ends of sensory nerve fibers in the epithelial tissues are associated with touch and pressure" "Meissner's corpuscles - Correct Answer flattened connective tissue sheaths surrounding two or more nerve fibers and are abundant in hairless areas that are very sensitive to touch, like the lips." "Pacinian corpuscles - Correct Answer large structures of connective tissue and cells that detect deep pressure" "warm and cold receptors - Correct Answer They adapt quickly. Temperatures near 45C stimulate pain receptors; temperatures below 10C also stimulate pain receptors and produce a freezing sensation" "olfactory receptor cells - Correct Answer sense odors; chemoreceptors (neurons) that respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids" "Name the five primary taste sensations - Correct Answer Umami, Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter" "Why don't taste receptors diminish with age? - Correct Answer taste cells are modified epithelial cells and divide continually" "What are the parts of the outer ears? - Correct Answer auricle and the external auditory meatus"