Anatomy and Physiology 101 Final Exam Study Guide 200 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers - Latest update

Anatomy and Physiology 101 Final Exam Study Guide 200 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers - Latest update What is the difference between anatomy and physiology - Correct Answer anatomy- study of structure physiology- study of function" "what are the levels of organization - Correct Answer subatomic particle- protons, electrons, neutrons atom molecule macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism" "what are the characteristics of life? - Correct Answer movement responsiveness respiration absorption secretion digestion assimilation- changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms circulation reproduction growth" "where do you find pseudo-stratified columnar tissue - Correct Answer line respiratory pathways" "where do you find stratified squamous tissue - Correct Answer line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal" "where do you find stratified cuboidal tissue - Correct Answer line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands,salivary glands, and pancreas" "where do you find stratified columnar tissue - Correct Answer line male urethra and part of pharnyx" "where do you find transitional tissue - Correct Answer line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra" "what are the requirements of life? - Correct Answer water food heat pressure oxygen" "define homeostasis - Correct Answer maintaining of a stable enviroment" "what is a homeostatic mechanism - Correct Answer monitors aspects of internal environment and corrects as needed *negative feedback mechanism" "define matter - Correct Answer anything that takes up space and has mass" "element - Correct Answer composed of chemically identical atoms" "atom - Correct Answer smallest particle of atom, basic unit of matter" "what are structure of an atom - Correct Answer nucleus protons neutron electrons" "define nucleus, proton, electron, neutron - Correct Answer nucleus- central part of atom proton- positive charge electron- negative charge neutron- no electrical charge" "ionic bond - Correct Answer formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another" "what are covalent bonds - Correct Answer when two molecules share electron" "hydrogen bond - Correct Answer formed between water molecule, attraction between positive end of polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule" "define synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions - Correct Answer Synthesis- A+B=AB Decomposition- AB=A+B exchange- AB+CD=AD+BC" "define reactant - Correct Answer starting materials of reactions" "product - Correct Answer ending material" "define catalyst - Correct Answer a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction" "what is an acid - Correct Answer dissociates with water" "base - Correct Answer combines in water" "what happens to salts when dissolved in water and what is produced? - Correct Answer The salt molecules are "torn apart" by the water, and are reduced to sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) ions." "what is the pH scale? what ions are involved in the pH scale? - Correct Answer pH scale- indicated the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, H+ and OH-" "organic molecule - Correct Answer contains Carbon and hydrogen and dissolves in water." "inorganic molecule - Correct Answer does not contain C and H and dissociates with water" "What is dehydration synthesis - Correct Answer taking water out (producing water) to form a new product. Uses energy" "hydrolysis - Correct Answer separation of two macromolecules by adding water. Releases energy" "what are carbohydrates - Correct Answer provide energy and cell structure" "lipids - Correct Answer provide energy and cell structure" "proteins - Correct Answer structural material, enzymes, energy, hormones," "nucleic acids - Correct Answer store information for protein synthesis, control cell activity" "what are amino acids? - Correct Answer Protein building blocks which are help together by peptide bonds" "what are enzymes? - Correct Answer a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction." "DNA - Correct Answer Part of chromosomes and in nucleus. responsible for storing and transferring genetic information." "RNA - Correct Answer located in cytoplasm. directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins" "describe cell membrane - Correct Answer controls what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer" "nucleus - Correct Answer control center" "cytoplasm - Correct Answer contains cytosol" "cytosol - Correct Answer aqueous substance" "organelles - Correct Answer organized/specialized structures in cell" "Function of Ribosomes - Correct Answer synthesize protein" "ER - Correct Answer transport system, ribosome attachment, synthesize lipids" "Golgi apparatus - Correct Answer modify, package, deliver protein" "mitochondria - Correct Answer generate energy" "Function lysosome - Correct Answer digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances" "peroxisome - Correct Answer breakdown organic molecules" "centrosome - Correct Answer produce cilia and flagella, distribute chromosomes during cell division" "Function vesicle - Correct Answer store, transport or digest cellular products and cellular waste" "cilia - Correct Answer propel substances across surfaces" "flagella - Correct Answer motility of sperm" "function of nuclear envelope - Correct Answer control substance in and out of nucleus" "nuclear pores - Correct Answer a large complex of proteins that allows small molecules and ions to freely pass, or diffuse, into or out of the nucleus" "nucleolus - Correct Answer site of ribosome formation" "chromatin - Correct Answer package DNA into a small volume to fit into the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence" "define pinocytosis - Correct Answer engulfs liquids from surrondings" "define phagocytosis - Correct Answer engulfs solids from surroundings" "exocytosis - Correct Answer vesicle fuses with membrane and releases contents outside of cell" "transcytosis - Correct Answer ferries particles through cell" "isotonic - Correct Answer neutral" "hypertonic - Correct Answer cell shrinks" "hypotonic - Correct Answer cell swells" "interphase - Correct Answer cell growth, replicates material to prepare for cell division, synthesize organelles for cell divisision" "prophase - Correct Answer chromosomes form, nuclear envelop disappears" "metaphase - Correct Answer chromosomes align midway between centrioles" "anaphase - Correct Answer chromosomes separate and move to centrioles (opposite ends0" "telophase - Correct Answer chromatin forms, nuclear envelope forms" "anabolism - Correct Answer anabolism- provides the materials needed for cellular growth and repair dehydration synthesis" "catabolism - Correct Answer breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules hydrolosis" "define denaturization - Correct Answer change the nature or natural qualities of a substance" "How is ATP made? - Correct Answer glycolysis and cellular respiration" "How is ATP broken down to release energy? - Correct Answer hydrolysis" "what is a nucleotide - Correct Answer form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA" "what is transcription - Correct Answer process by which the genetic information encoded in a linear sequence of nucleotides in one strand of DNA is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of RNA" "what is translation - Correct Answer genetic information present in an mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein" "How is DNA replicated? - Correct Answer The double helix is unwound and each strand acts as a template for the next strand. Bases are matched to synthesize the new partner strands" "what is a mutation - Correct Answer change in genetic information" "how is RNA made? - Correct Answer DNA transcription" "Where do you find simple squamous tissue? - Correct Answer lines air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels" "Where do you find simple cuboidal tissue? - Correct Answer line kidney tubules, ovaries, and ducts" "where do you find simple columnar tissue - Correct Answer line uterus, stomach, intestines" "loose CT - Correct Answer bind sin to structures mainly fibroblasts, elastic and collagenous fibers" "Adipose Tissue - Correct Answer cushion, insulate, store fat adipocytes" "reticular CT - Correct Answer reticular fibers support internal organ walls" "dense CT - Correct Answer bind body parts together elastic and collegenous fibers, few fibroblasts tendons, ligaments, dermis" "elastic CT - Correct Answer elastic fibers, fibroblasts attachment between bones" "Bone - Correct Answer supports, protects, forms blood cells, attachment for muscles, skeleton" "cartilage - Correct Answer hyaline- nose, ends of bone elastic- ear fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs" "blood - Correct Answer transports, defends, clotting, throughout body" "skeletal muscle - Correct Answer attached to bone, striated, voluntary, many nuclei" "smooth muscle - Correct Answer walls of organs and blood vessels, skin, involuntary, striated, single nuclei" "cardiac muscle - Correct Answer heart wall, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, single nuclei" "chondrocyte - Correct Answer cells of cartilage" "lacunae - Correct Answer hole for chondrocyte" "osteocyte - Correct Answer cells of bone" "lamellae - Correct Answer thin calcified layer of bone" "canaliculi - Correct Answer canal or duct" "neuron and neuroglial cell - Correct Answer functional cells of neurons" "neuron - Correct Answer nerve cell" "what pigments are used in determining skin color? - Correct Answer melanin, melanoid, keratin, hemoglobin, and oxyhemoglobin." "apocrine gland - Correct Answer less numerous and found in the armpit, groin, and around the nipples. Their secretions are thicker, whitish in color, and contain high amounts of proteins. They secrete their product into associated hair follicles. Bacteria feed on this secretion, which produces body odor" "eccrine gland - Correct Answer glands are more numerous and found all over the body. They secrete clear, watery sweat with dissolved salts, electrolytes, and organic wastes. They are essential in your body's thermoregulation mechanisms. These glands secrete directly to the skin surface" "parts of long bone? - Correct Answer epiphysis- distal and proximal diaphysis- middle portion medullary cavity- inner hollow portion periosteum- outer layer of bone" "compact bone - Correct Answer Due to the strength of compact bone, its main functions is to support the entire body. Compact pact bone also stores calcium" "spongy bone - Correct Answer Due to the sponge-like or porous nature of spongy or cancellous bone, spongy bone has a greater surface area compared to compact bone. This allows bone marrow to develop in the region of spongy bone" "osteoclasts - Correct Answer bone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing" "osteoblasts - Correct Answer a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation" "bone function - Correct Answer shape, support, and protect body structure, blood cell formation, salt storage" "How are bones classified? - Correct Answer long bones- femur, humerus short bones- carpal flat bones- frontal bone of skull irregular bones- vertebra sesamoid- patella" "Steps of fracture repair - Correct Answer 1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling" "Six different types of synovial joints - Correct Answer planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints" "flexion - Correct Answer " "extension - Correct Answer " "hyperextension - Correct Answer " "dorsiflexion - Correct Answer " "plantar flexion - Correct Answer " "abduction - Correct Answer " "adduction - Correct Answer " "rotation - Correct Answer " "circumduction - Correct Answer " "supination - Correct Answer " "pronation - Correct Answer " "eversion - Correct Answer " "inversion - Correct Answer " "protraction - Correct Answer " "retraction - Correct Answer " "elevation - Correct Answer " "depression - Correct Answer " "fascia - Correct Answer a thin sheath of fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle or other organ" "tendon - Correct Answer flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone." "aponeurosis - Correct Answer a sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment" "muscle fiber - Correct Answer cell found in muscle tissue" "myofibril - Correct Answer elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cell" "actin - Correct Answer a protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cells-- THIN" "myosin - Correct Answer a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells-- THICK" "neuromuscular junction - Correct Answer the site of communication between motor nerve axons and muscle fibres" "sarcolemma - Correct Answer fine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles" "sarcomere - Correct Answer a structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band" "sarcoplasmic reticulum - Correct Answer specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells" "transverse tubules - Correct Answer deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell" "origin - Correct Answer immobile end" "insertion - Correct Answer movable end" "prime mover - Correct Answer primarily responsible for movement" "synergists - Correct Answer assist prime mover" "antagonists - Correct Answer resist prime movers action and cause movement in the opposite direction of prime mover" "cold receptors - Correct Answer sensitive to temp 10-20C" "muscle spindles - Correct Answer sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscl" "golgi tendon organs - Correct Answer senses changes in muscle tension" "describe olfactory sensations - Correct Answer olfactory nerves --> olfacotry bulbs --> olfactory tracts --> limbic system and olfactory cortex" "describe taste sensations - Correct Answer impulse form taste receptors --> cranial nerve VII, IX,X --> medulla oblongata --> thalamus --> gustatory cortex" "parts of outer ear - Correct Answer auricle external acoustic meatus tympanic membrane" "parts of middle ear - Correct Answer tympanic cavity auditory canal oval window ossicles - mallus, incus, stapes" "parts of inner ear - Correct Answer osseous labyrinth membranous labyrinth chochlea semicircular canals vestibule" "How are sound vibrations transmitted to the inner ear - Correct Answer Sounds are channeled into the outer ear, they vibrate the eardrum, which moves the bones of the middle ear (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) which vibrates the outer edge of the cochlea, which send vibration waves to the hairs in the fluid filled inner ear, which sends neuron signals to the brain, which interprets the signals and creates what we recognize as sounds. The fluid gives oxygen to the inner ear as the pulse of the blood vessels would deafen us." "how to hearing receptors work - Correct Answer the hearing receptors are also known as hair cells. The hair cells are not real hairs but are cells with 100 or so projections sticking out that bend in response to movements of the basilar membrane" "static equilibrium - Correct Answer vestibule, senses position of head when body is not moving" "dynamic equilibrium - Correct Answer semicircular canals, senses rotation and movement of head and body" "what are rods - Correct Answer provide vision in dimlight, colorless vision,, outline of images" "what are cones - Correct Answer provide vision in bright light, color vision, sharp images" "what are the parts of the eye? - Correct Answer retina cornea iris lens sclera choroid coat" "how does a muscle contraction happen - Correct Answer Most all muscle contractions begin with a signal called an action potential along a motor neuron that crosses the synaptic gap at the neuromuscluar junction and then gets propogated along the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T-tubules inside of a muscle cell. This releases calcium so it can attach to the actin by opening the troponin-tropomyosin attachment sites for the myosin heads. With the help of ATP, the myosin heads form cross-bridges to the actin myofilaments and pull the Z-lines closer together which makes the sarcomeres shorter, thereby contracting the muscle cells" "What is CNS? PNS? - Correct Answer brain, spinal cord" "PNS? - Correct Answer cranial and spinal nerves" "autonomic - Correct Answer responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes" "somatic - Correct Answer part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements" "basic parts of a neuron - Correct Answer dendrites, cell body, axon" "functional classifications of neurons - Correct Answer motor, sensory, integrative" "function of spinal cord - Correct Answer transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body" "ascending tracts - Correct Answer Carry sensory info to the brain (with three neurons), from receptor to the somatosensory cortex" "descending tracts - Correct Answer pathways by which motor signals are sent from the brain to lower motor neurones. The lower motor neurones then directly innervate muscles to produce movement" "lobes - Correct Answer division of brain" "fissures - Correct Answer deep groove" "convolutions/gyri - Correct Answer bumps" "sulci - Correct Answer grooves in gray matter" "basic functions of cerebrum - Correct Answer interpreting impulses, intiating voluntary movement, storing information as memory, retrieving stored information, reasoning, seat of intelligence and personality" "basic function of frontal lobe - Correct Answer higher intellectual processes, concentration, planning, complex problem solving, judging consequences of behavior, movement of voluntary skeletal muscle" "basic function of parietal love - Correct Answer provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, pain, understanding speech and using words to express thoughts and feelings" "basic function of temporal lobe - Correct Answer hearing, interpret sensory experiences, remeber visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns" "basic function of occipital lobe - Correct Answer vision, combine visual images with other sensory experiences" "what is the basal ganglia - Correct Answer a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement." "what is the diencephalon - Correct Answer containing the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle controls emotions, produces feelings, interprets sensory information, the limbic system" "what is hypothalamus - Correct Answer coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity - Maintain homeostasis" "what is the thalamus - Correct Answer relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception" "pituitary gland - Correct Answer " "locate optic nerve, olfactory nerve, optic chiasm - Correct Answer " "Medulla oblongata - Correct Answer helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation" "pons - Correct Answer relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture" "midbrain - Correct Answer portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation" "what is cerebellum - Correct Answer coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity" "function of vagus nerve - Correct Answer forms part of the involuntary nervous system and commands unconscious body procedures, such as keeping the heart rate constant and controlling food digestion" "parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer slows down "rest and digest"" "sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer sympathetic- speeds up "fight or flight"" "Five receptor types - Correct Answer Chemoreceptors pain receptors thermoreceptors mechanoreceptors photoreceptors" "sensory adaptation - Correct Answer ability to ignore unimportant stimuli, stronger stimulus require to trigger response" "free nerve endings - Correct Answer sense itching" "Meissners corpusles - Correct Answer detect fine touch" "Pacinian corpuscles - Correct Answer detect heavy pressure and vibrations in joints" "warm receptors - Correct Answer sensitive to temp above 25C unresponsive to temp 45C"