1 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026
First Aid USMLE Step 1: Neuropathology Questions with
Detailed Verified Answers (100% Correct Answers)
/Already Graded A+
Frontal Lobe Lesion Presentation
Ans: Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orientation, judgment
May have reemergence of primitive reflexes.
Frontal Eye Field Lesion Presentation
Ans: Eyes look toward lesion.
Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation Lesion Presentation
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Ans: Eyes look away from side of lesion
Approved By:
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia:
Impaired adduction of ipsilateral eye
Nystagmus of contralateral eye with abduction
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Lesion Example
Ans: MS
Dominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Presentation
Ans: Agraphia, acalculia
Finger agnosia
Left-right disorientation
Dominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Example
Ans: Gerstmann Syndrome
Nondominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Presentation
, 2 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026
Ans: Agnosia of the contralateral side of the world
Nondominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Example
Ans: Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome
Hippocampus (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Anterograde amnesia—inability to make new memories
Basal Ganglia Lesion Presentation
Ans: May result in tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis
Basal Ganglia Lesion Examples
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Ans: Parkinson Disease
Approved By:
Huntingdon Disease
Mammillary Bodies (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Wernicke-Korsako Syndrome:
Confusion
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Ophthalmoplegia
memory loss - anterograde & retrograde amnesia
confabulation
personality changes
Mammillary Bodies (Bilateral) Lesion Example
Ans: Wernicke problems in a CAN O' beer
Subthalamic Nucleus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Contralateral hemiballismus
, 3 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026
Amygdala (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Klüver-Bucy Syndrome:
Disinhibited behavior - hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality
Amygdala (Bilateral) Lesion Example
Ans: HSV-1 Encephalitis
Superior Colliculus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Parinaud Syndrome:
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze - rostral interstitial nucleus also involved
Superior Colliculus Lesion Examples
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Ans: Stroke
Approved By:
Hydrocephalus
Pinealoma
Reticular Activating System (midbrain) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness → coma
Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesion Presentation
Ans: Intention tremor
Limb ataxia
Loss of balance
Damage to cerebellum → ipsilateral deficits - fall toward side of lesion
Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesion Example
Ans: Cerebellar hemisphere are *lateral*ly located
Affect *lateral* limbs
, 4 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026
Cerebellar Vermis Lesion Presentation
Ans: Truncal ataxia
Dysarthria
Cerebellar Vermis Lesion Examples
Ans: Vermis is *central*ly located
Affects *central* body
Degeneration associated with chronic alcohol use
When does Irreversible Damage Begin with Ischemic Brain Disease/Stroke?
Ans: Irreversible damage begins within 5 minutes of hypoxia
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Approved By:
What are the Most Vulnerable Structures During Hypoxia?
Ans: - Hippocampus
- Neocortex
- Cerebellum
- Watershed areas
Mnemonics for Knowing Vulnerable Structure
Ans: *Hipp*ocampus is most *vulnerable* to ischemic hypoxia
*Vulnerable Hippos*
What can be Caused by Ischemic Brain Disease/Stroke?
Ans: Irreversible neuron damage
How is CT Imaging used for Stroke?
First Aid USMLE Step 1: Neuropathology Questions with
Detailed Verified Answers (100% Correct Answers)
/Already Graded A+
Frontal Lobe Lesion Presentation
Ans: Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orientation, judgment
May have reemergence of primitive reflexes.
Frontal Eye Field Lesion Presentation
Ans: Eyes look toward lesion.
Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation Lesion Presentation
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Ans: Eyes look away from side of lesion
Approved By:
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia:
Impaired adduction of ipsilateral eye
Nystagmus of contralateral eye with abduction
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Lesion Example
Ans: MS
Dominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Presentation
Ans: Agraphia, acalculia
Finger agnosia
Left-right disorientation
Dominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Example
Ans: Gerstmann Syndrome
Nondominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Presentation
, 2 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026
Ans: Agnosia of the contralateral side of the world
Nondominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Example
Ans: Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome
Hippocampus (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Anterograde amnesia—inability to make new memories
Basal Ganglia Lesion Presentation
Ans: May result in tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis
Basal Ganglia Lesion Examples
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Ans: Parkinson Disease
Approved By:
Huntingdon Disease
Mammillary Bodies (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Wernicke-Korsako Syndrome:
Confusion
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Ophthalmoplegia
memory loss - anterograde & retrograde amnesia
confabulation
personality changes
Mammillary Bodies (Bilateral) Lesion Example
Ans: Wernicke problems in a CAN O' beer
Subthalamic Nucleus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Contralateral hemiballismus
, 3 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026
Amygdala (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Klüver-Bucy Syndrome:
Disinhibited behavior - hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality
Amygdala (Bilateral) Lesion Example
Ans: HSV-1 Encephalitis
Superior Colliculus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Parinaud Syndrome:
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze - rostral interstitial nucleus also involved
Superior Colliculus Lesion Examples
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Ans: Stroke
Approved By:
Hydrocephalus
Pinealoma
Reticular Activating System (midbrain) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness → coma
Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesion Presentation
Ans: Intention tremor
Limb ataxia
Loss of balance
Damage to cerebellum → ipsilateral deficits - fall toward side of lesion
Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesion Example
Ans: Cerebellar hemisphere are *lateral*ly located
Affect *lateral* limbs
, 4 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026
Cerebellar Vermis Lesion Presentation
Ans: Truncal ataxia
Dysarthria
Cerebellar Vermis Lesion Examples
Ans: Vermis is *central*ly located
Affects *central* body
Degeneration associated with chronic alcohol use
When does Irreversible Damage Begin with Ischemic Brain Disease/Stroke?
Ans: Irreversible damage begins within 5 minutes of hypoxia
Exampromax - Stuvia US
Approved By:
What are the Most Vulnerable Structures During Hypoxia?
Ans: - Hippocampus
- Neocortex
- Cerebellum
- Watershed areas
Mnemonics for Knowing Vulnerable Structure
Ans: *Hipp*ocampus is most *vulnerable* to ischemic hypoxia
*Vulnerable Hippos*
What can be Caused by Ischemic Brain Disease/Stroke?
Ans: Irreversible neuron damage
How is CT Imaging used for Stroke?
