INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
TO ACCOMPANY
OPERATING-
SYSTEM
CONCEPTS
SEVENTH EDITION
ABRAHAM SILBERSCHATZ
Yale University
PETER BAER GALVIN
Corporate Technologies
GREG GAGNE
Westminster College
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their answers to present
coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation involves extensive reading of case law,
textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop the necessary skills for applying theory to practical
scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions to enhance their ability to structure responses
effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of
topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including
engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-
solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of Mathematics ExamsMathematics
, Coclecls
Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures ......................................................... 9
Chapter 3 Processes........................................................................................... 15
Chapter 4 Threads ............................................................................................. 23
Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling.............................................................................. 27
Chapter 6 Process Synchronization................................................................ 33
Chapter 7 Deadlocks ........................................................................................ 47
Chapter 8 Memory Management.................................................................... 55
Chapter 9 Virtual Memory .............................................................................. 61
Chapter 10 File-Systems Interface................................................................... 71
Chapter 11 File-Systems Implementation...................................................... 75
Chapter 12 Mass Storage Structure ................................................................. 91
Chapter 13 I/O Systems..................................................................................... 93
Chapter 14 Protection ........................................................................................ 99
Chapter 15 Security.......................................................................................... 105
Chapter 16 Network Structures ..................................................................... 111
Chapter 17 Distributed Communication...................................................... 117
Chapter 18 Distributed-File Systems............................................................ 121
Chapter 19 Multimedia Systems ................................................................... 127
Chapter 20 Embedded Systems ..................................................................... 131
Chapter 21 The Linux System ........................................................................ 137
Chapter 22 Windows XP ................................................................................. 145
Chapter 23 Influential Operating Systems .................................................. 149
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their answers to present
coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation involves extensive reading of case law,
textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop the necessary skills for applying theory to practical
scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions to enhance their ability to structure responses
effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of
topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including
engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-
solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of Mathematics ExamsMathematics
, C P TER
Introduction
Chapter 1 introduces the general topic of operating systems and a handful of
important concepts (multiprogramming, time sharing, distributed system, and
so on). The purpose is to show why operating systems are what they are by
showing how they developed. In operating systems, as in much of computer
science, we are led to the present by the paths we took in the past, and we can
better understand both the present and the future by understanding the past.
Additional work that might be considered is learning about the particular
systems that the students will have access to at your institution. This is still just
a general overview, as specific interfaces are considered in Chapter 3.
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their answers to present
coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation involves extensive reading of case law,
textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop the necessary skills for applying theory to practical
scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions to enhance their ability to structure responses
effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of
topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including
engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-
solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of Mathematics ExamsMathematics
Exercises
1.1 In a multiprogramming and time-sharing environment, several users
share the system simultaneously. This situation can result in various
security problems.
a. What are two such problems?
b. Can we ensure the same degree of security in a time-shared ma-
chine as in a dedicated machine? Explain your answer.
Answer:
a. Stealing or copying one’s programs or data; using system re-
sources (CPU, memory, disk space, peripherals) without proper
accounting.
b. Probably not, since any protection scheme devised by humans
can inevitably be broken by a human, and the more complex
the scheme, the more difficult it is to feel confident of its correct
implementation.
1
, 2 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 The issue of resource utilization shows up in different forms in differ-
ent types of operating systems. List what resources must be managed
carefully in the following settings:
a. Mainframe or minicomputer systems
b. Workstations connected to servers
c. Handheld computers
Answer:
a. Mainframes: memory and CPU resources, storage, network band-
width.
b. Workstations: memory and CPU resouces
c. Handheld computers: power consumption, memory resources.
1.3 Under what circumstances would a user be better off using a time-
sharing system rather than a PC or single-user workstation?
Answer: When there are few other users, the task is large, and the
hardware is fast, time-sharing makes sense. The full power of the system
can be brought to bear on the user’s problem. The problem can be solved
faster than on a personal computer. Another case occurs when lots of
other users need resources at the same time.
A personal computer is best when the job is small enough to be exe-
cuted reasonably on it and when performance is sufficient to execute the
program to the user’s satisfaction.
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their
answers to present coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation
involves extensive reading of case law, textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop
the necessary skills for applying theory to practical scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions
to enhance their ability to structure responses effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics
EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and
abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics
exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of
Mathematics ExamsMathematics
1.4 Which of the functionalities listed below need to be supported by the
operating system for the following two settings: (a) handheld devices
and (b) real-time systems.
a. Batch programming
b. Virtual memory
c. Time sharing
Answer: For real-time systems, the operating system needs to support
virtual memory and time sharing in a fair manner. For handheld systems,
the operating system needs to provide virtual memory, but does not
need to provide time-sharing. Batch programming is not necessary in
both settings.
1.5 Describe the differences between symmetric and asymmetric multipro-
cessing. What are three advantages and one disadvantage of multipro-
cessor systems?
Answer: Symmetric multiprocessing treats all processors as equals, and
I/O can be processed on any CPU. Asymmetric multiprocessing has one
master CPU and the remainder CPUs are slaves. The master distributes
tasks among the slaves, and I/O is usually done by the master only.
Multiprocessors can save money by not duplicating power supplies,
housings, and peripherals. They can execute programs more quickly
and can have increased reliability. They are also more complex in both
hardware and software than uniprocessor systems.
TO ACCOMPANY
OPERATING-
SYSTEM
CONCEPTS
SEVENTH EDITION
ABRAHAM SILBERSCHATZ
Yale University
PETER BAER GALVIN
Corporate Technologies
GREG GAGNE
Westminster College
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their answers to present
coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation involves extensive reading of case law,
textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop the necessary skills for applying theory to practical
scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions to enhance their ability to structure responses
effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of
topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including
engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-
solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of Mathematics ExamsMathematics
, Coclecls
Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures ......................................................... 9
Chapter 3 Processes........................................................................................... 15
Chapter 4 Threads ............................................................................................. 23
Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling.............................................................................. 27
Chapter 6 Process Synchronization................................................................ 33
Chapter 7 Deadlocks ........................................................................................ 47
Chapter 8 Memory Management.................................................................... 55
Chapter 9 Virtual Memory .............................................................................. 61
Chapter 10 File-Systems Interface................................................................... 71
Chapter 11 File-Systems Implementation...................................................... 75
Chapter 12 Mass Storage Structure ................................................................. 91
Chapter 13 I/O Systems..................................................................................... 93
Chapter 14 Protection ........................................................................................ 99
Chapter 15 Security.......................................................................................... 105
Chapter 16 Network Structures ..................................................................... 111
Chapter 17 Distributed Communication...................................................... 117
Chapter 18 Distributed-File Systems............................................................ 121
Chapter 19 Multimedia Systems ................................................................... 127
Chapter 20 Embedded Systems ..................................................................... 131
Chapter 21 The Linux System ........................................................................ 137
Chapter 22 Windows XP ................................................................................. 145
Chapter 23 Influential Operating Systems .................................................. 149
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their answers to present
coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation involves extensive reading of case law,
textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop the necessary skills for applying theory to practical
scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions to enhance their ability to structure responses
effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of
topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including
engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-
solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of Mathematics ExamsMathematics
, C P TER
Introduction
Chapter 1 introduces the general topic of operating systems and a handful of
important concepts (multiprogramming, time sharing, distributed system, and
so on). The purpose is to show why operating systems are what they are by
showing how they developed. In operating systems, as in much of computer
science, we are led to the present by the paths we took in the past, and we can
better understand both the present and the future by understanding the past.
Additional work that might be considered is learning about the particular
systems that the students will have access to at your institution. This is still just
a general overview, as specific interfaces are considered in Chapter 3.
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their answers to present
coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation involves extensive reading of case law,
textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop the necessary skills for applying theory to practical
scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions to enhance their ability to structure responses
effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of
topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including
engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-
solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of Mathematics ExamsMathematics
Exercises
1.1 In a multiprogramming and time-sharing environment, several users
share the system simultaneously. This situation can result in various
security problems.
a. What are two such problems?
b. Can we ensure the same degree of security in a time-shared ma-
chine as in a dedicated machine? Explain your answer.
Answer:
a. Stealing or copying one’s programs or data; using system re-
sources (CPU, memory, disk space, peripherals) without proper
accounting.
b. Probably not, since any protection scheme devised by humans
can inevitably be broken by a human, and the more complex
the scheme, the more difficult it is to feel confident of its correct
implementation.
1
, 2 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 The issue of resource utilization shows up in different forms in differ-
ent types of operating systems. List what resources must be managed
carefully in the following settings:
a. Mainframe or minicomputer systems
b. Workstations connected to servers
c. Handheld computers
Answer:
a. Mainframes: memory and CPU resources, storage, network band-
width.
b. Workstations: memory and CPU resouces
c. Handheld computers: power consumption, memory resources.
1.3 Under what circumstances would a user be better off using a time-
sharing system rather than a PC or single-user workstation?
Answer: When there are few other users, the task is large, and the
hardware is fast, time-sharing makes sense. The full power of the system
can be brought to bear on the user’s problem. The problem can be solved
faster than on a personal computer. Another case occurs when lots of
other users need resources at the same time.
A personal computer is best when the job is small enough to be exe-
cuted reasonably on it and when performance is sufficient to execute the
program to the user’s satisfaction.
legal sources.Structured Writing and Argumentation: Law exams evaluate students’ ability to write clearly and logically. Students must organize their
answers to present coherent arguments, with well-supported claims based on legal precedents.2.4. Preparing for Law ExamsLaw exam preparation
involves extensive reading of case law, textbooks, and statutes. Active engagement in discussions and analysis of current legal cases helps students develop
the necessary skills for applying theory to practical scenarios. Furthermore, students often practice writing answers to past exams under timed conditions
to enhance their ability to structure responses effectively.________________________________________3. Mathematics Exams3.1. Overview of Mathematics
EducationMathematics education spans a wide range of topics, from basic arithmetic and algebra to more advanced areas like calculus, statistics, and
abstract algebra. Mathematics is crucial in many industries, including engineering, finance, data science, and technology. The primary goal of mathematics
exams is to test students' understanding of mathematical concepts, their problem-solving abilities, and their aptitude for logical reasoning.3.2. Structure of
Mathematics ExamsMathematics
1.4 Which of the functionalities listed below need to be supported by the
operating system for the following two settings: (a) handheld devices
and (b) real-time systems.
a. Batch programming
b. Virtual memory
c. Time sharing
Answer: For real-time systems, the operating system needs to support
virtual memory and time sharing in a fair manner. For handheld systems,
the operating system needs to provide virtual memory, but does not
need to provide time-sharing. Batch programming is not necessary in
both settings.
1.5 Describe the differences between symmetric and asymmetric multipro-
cessing. What are three advantages and one disadvantage of multipro-
cessor systems?
Answer: Symmetric multiprocessing treats all processors as equals, and
I/O can be processed on any CPU. Asymmetric multiprocessing has one
master CPU and the remainder CPUs are slaves. The master distributes
tasks among the slaves, and I/O is usually done by the master only.
Multiprocessors can save money by not duplicating power supplies,
housings, and peripherals. They can execute programs more quickly
and can have increased reliability. They are also more complex in both
hardware and software than uniprocessor systems.
