NU 665D FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔risk factors for ovarian cancer - ✔✔-Early menarche
-Late menopause
-HRT
-Family hx of ovarian cancer
-Lynch syndrome
-Endometriosis hx
-PID hx
-BRCA mutation
-Caucasian, westernized and industrialized colonies
-Jewish descent
✔✔risk factors for vulvar cancer - ✔✔-HPV
-Hx of lichen sclerosus
-Smoking
-Obesity
-Immunosuppression
✔✔risk factors for vaginal cancer - ✔✔-Smoking
-Immunosuppression
-Age
-HPV
-DES exposure
-Many sex partners
✔✔risk factors for cervical cancer - ✔✔-HPV infection
-Many sex partners
-DES exposure
-Immunocompromised
-Smoking
✔✔signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer - ✔✔-bloating
-abdominal fullness
-early satiety
-pelvic pain
-constipation/change in stool habits
-nausea and vomiting
-fatigue
-indigestion
-Urinary frequency or urinary retention
-adnexal mass
-ascites
-pleural effusion
-bowel obstruction
, ✔✔signs and symptoms of vaginal cancer - ✔✔-vaginal bleeding
-often asymptomatic
-postcoital bleeding
-postmenopausal bleeding
-vaginal mass
for more severe disease:
-urinary sxs (frequency, dysuria, hematuria)
-GI complaints (constipation, dyschezia)
✔✔signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer - ✔✔Lump or ulceration of vulva
Itching**
Vulvar irritation**
Local bleeding**
Vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Dyspareunia
Dark discoloration of skin
Changes to Bartholin's gland
✔✔signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer - ✔✔-abnormal uterine bleeding
-postmenopausal bleeding
-pelvic pain
-enlarged, tender uterus
-abnormal cervical cytology
✔✔most common type of endometrial cancer - ✔✔endometrioid (aka adenocarcinoma)
least invasive. good prognosis
✔✔diagnostics of vulvar cancer - ✔✔vulvar punch biopsy is definitive dx
colposcopy for visualization
✔✔treatment of vulvar cancer - ✔✔LEEP
excision
Vulvectomy
chemo and radiation for mets
✔✔signs and symptoms of cervical cancer - ✔✔-asymptomatic
-irregular or heavy bleeding
-postcoital bleeding
-dyspareunia
-vaginal discharge that is watery*, mucoid, purulent
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔risk factors for ovarian cancer - ✔✔-Early menarche
-Late menopause
-HRT
-Family hx of ovarian cancer
-Lynch syndrome
-Endometriosis hx
-PID hx
-BRCA mutation
-Caucasian, westernized and industrialized colonies
-Jewish descent
✔✔risk factors for vulvar cancer - ✔✔-HPV
-Hx of lichen sclerosus
-Smoking
-Obesity
-Immunosuppression
✔✔risk factors for vaginal cancer - ✔✔-Smoking
-Immunosuppression
-Age
-HPV
-DES exposure
-Many sex partners
✔✔risk factors for cervical cancer - ✔✔-HPV infection
-Many sex partners
-DES exposure
-Immunocompromised
-Smoking
✔✔signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer - ✔✔-bloating
-abdominal fullness
-early satiety
-pelvic pain
-constipation/change in stool habits
-nausea and vomiting
-fatigue
-indigestion
-Urinary frequency or urinary retention
-adnexal mass
-ascites
-pleural effusion
-bowel obstruction
, ✔✔signs and symptoms of vaginal cancer - ✔✔-vaginal bleeding
-often asymptomatic
-postcoital bleeding
-postmenopausal bleeding
-vaginal mass
for more severe disease:
-urinary sxs (frequency, dysuria, hematuria)
-GI complaints (constipation, dyschezia)
✔✔signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer - ✔✔Lump or ulceration of vulva
Itching**
Vulvar irritation**
Local bleeding**
Vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Dyspareunia
Dark discoloration of skin
Changes to Bartholin's gland
✔✔signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer - ✔✔-abnormal uterine bleeding
-postmenopausal bleeding
-pelvic pain
-enlarged, tender uterus
-abnormal cervical cytology
✔✔most common type of endometrial cancer - ✔✔endometrioid (aka adenocarcinoma)
least invasive. good prognosis
✔✔diagnostics of vulvar cancer - ✔✔vulvar punch biopsy is definitive dx
colposcopy for visualization
✔✔treatment of vulvar cancer - ✔✔LEEP
excision
Vulvectomy
chemo and radiation for mets
✔✔signs and symptoms of cervical cancer - ✔✔-asymptomatic
-irregular or heavy bleeding
-postcoital bleeding
-dyspareunia
-vaginal discharge that is watery*, mucoid, purulent
