Test Bank Test Gen for
xc xc xc xc
Pharmacology for Nurses, 6e Revised
xc xc xc xc
by: Janine Eagon
xc xc xc
PharmacologyforNurses: xc xc
xc A Pathophysiologic Approach
xc xc
Sixth Edition xc
MichaelAdams cx
xc NormanHolland cx
Carol Urban
xc xc
,Pharmacology for Nurses, 6e (Adams) xc xc xc xc
Chapter 1 Introduction to Pharmacology
xc xc x c xc xc
1) A nurse is reviewing key events in the history of pharmacology with a student
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
nurse. Which student comment indicates an understanding?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. "Early researchers used themselves as test subjects." xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. "A primary goal of pharmacology is to prevent disease."
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. "Penicillin is one of the initial drugs isolated from a natural source." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. "Pharmacologists began synthesizing drugs in the laboratory in the nineteenth xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
century." xc
Answer: 1 x c
Explanation:
xc
1. Some early researchers, like Friedrich Serturner, used themselves as test
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
subjects. xc
2. An early goal of pharmacology was to relieve human suffering.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. Initial drugs isolated from complex mixtures included morphine, colchicine,
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
curare, and cocaine, but not penicillin.
xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. By the twentieth century, pharmacologists could synthesize drugs in the
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
laboratory. xc
Page Ref: 3 xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.1 Integrate understanding of multiple
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
dimensions of patient-centered care: patient/family/community preferences, values;
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
coordination and integration of care; information, communication, and education;
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
physical comfort and emotional support; involvement of family and friends; and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
transition and continuity.
xc xc xc
| AACN Essential Competencies: I.7 Integrate the knowledge and methods of a variety of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
disciplines to inform decision making. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Integration of knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
xc xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-1 Identify key events in the history of pharmacology.
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
2) A student nurse asks a nursing instructor why anatomy and physiology as well as
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
microbiology are required courses when the student only wants to learn
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
about pharmacology. What is the best response by the instructor?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. "Because pharmacology is an outgrowth of those subjects." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. "You must learn all, since all of those subjects are part of the curriculum."
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. "Knowledge of all those subjects will prepare you to administer medication." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. "An understanding of those subjects is essential to understand pharmacology."
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 4
xc x c
Explanation:
1. Pharmacology is an outgrowth of anatomy, physiology, and microbiology, but xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
this is not the most essential reason for the nurse to learn them.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. The nurse must learn anatomy, physiology, and microbiology to understand
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology, not because they are part of the curriculum.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
, 3. Knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and microbiology prepares the nurse to xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
understand pharmacology, not to provide care such as administration of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
medications. xc
4. It is essential for the nurse to have a broad knowledge base of many sciences
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
in order to learn pharmacology.
xc xc xc xc xc
Page Ref: 3 xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.1 Integrate understanding of multiple
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
dimensions of patient-centered care: patient/family/community preferences, values;
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
coordination and integration of care; information, communication, and education;
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
physical comfort and emotional support; involvement of family and friends; and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
transition and continuity.
xc xc xc
| AACN Essential Competencies: I.7 Integrate the knowledge and methods of a variety of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
disciplines to inform decision making. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Integration of knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation
xc xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-2 Explain the interdisciplinary nature of pharmacology, giving an
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
example of how knowledge from different sciences impacts the nurse's role in drug
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
administration.
xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
3) A nurse is teaching a group of nurses about the differences between pharmacology
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
and therapeutics. The nurse determines that learning has occurred when which
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
statements are made?
xc xc xc
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Select all that apply. xc xc xc
1. "Pharmacology is the development of medicines." xc xc xc xc xc
2. "Pharmacology is the study of medicines." xc xc xc xc xc
3. "Therapeutics relates to drug use to treat suffering." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. "Therapeutics is the study of drug interactions." xc xc xc xc xc xc
5. "Pharmacology is the study of drugs to prevent disease." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 2, 3, 5
xc x c xc xc
Explanation:
1. Pharmacology is not the development of medicines. xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. Pharmacology is the study of medicines. xc xc xc xc xc
3. Therapeutics is the use of drugs in the treatment of suffering. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. Therapeutics is not related to study of drug interactions. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
5. Pharmacotherapy is the application of drugs for the purpose of disease xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
prevention. xc
Page Ref: 4 xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.1 Integrate understanding of multiple dimensions
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
of patient-centered care: patient/family/community preferences, values; coordination
x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
and integration of care; information, communication, and education; physical comfort
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
and emotional support; involvement of family and friends; and transition and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
continuity.
xc
, | AACN Essential Competencies: I.7 Integrate the knowledge and methods of a variety of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
disciplines to inform decision making. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Integration of knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
xc xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-3 Compare and contrast therapeutics and pharmacology.
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
4) A nurse administers a vaccine to a client. What is the nurse's best understanding as
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
it relates to the manufacture of a vaccine?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. The vaccine is produced by natural plant extracts in the laboratory.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. The vaccine is naturally produced in animal cells or microorganisms.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. The vaccine is produced by a combination of animal and plant products.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. The vaccine is most commonly synthesized in a laboratory.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 2
xc x c
Explanation:
1. Vaccines are not produced by natural plant extracts. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. Vaccines are naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or by the body xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
itself. xc
3. Vaccines are not produced by a combination of animal and plant products. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. Vaccines are not synthesized in a laboratory. xc xc xc xc xc xc
Page Ref: 4
xc xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: III.A.1 Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
methods and processes. | AACN Essential Competencies: IX.3 Implement holistic,
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
patient-centered care that reflects an understanding of human growth and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
development, pathophysiology, pharmacology, medical management, and nursing
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
management across the health-illness continuum, across lifespan, and in all
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
healthcare settings. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science: Integration of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Nursing Process: Evaluation
xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-4 Compare and contrast traditional drugs, biologics, and
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
complementary and alternative medicine therapies.
xc xc xc xc xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
5) An older client is admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding. The client says to the
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
nurse, "I don't understand this. All I did was take ibuprofen (Advil) for my
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
arthritis." What is the nurse's best response?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. Review nonpharmacologic methods to relieve joint pain. xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. Encourage the client to substitute safer drugs, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol). xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. Remind the client to contact their healthcare provider before taking any over- xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
the-counter (OTC) medications.
xc xc xc
4. Teach the client about the side effects of ibuprofen (Advil). xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 4
xc x c
Explanation:
xc xc xc xc
Pharmacology for Nurses, 6e Revised
xc xc xc xc
by: Janine Eagon
xc xc xc
PharmacologyforNurses: xc xc
xc A Pathophysiologic Approach
xc xc
Sixth Edition xc
MichaelAdams cx
xc NormanHolland cx
Carol Urban
xc xc
,Pharmacology for Nurses, 6e (Adams) xc xc xc xc
Chapter 1 Introduction to Pharmacology
xc xc x c xc xc
1) A nurse is reviewing key events in the history of pharmacology with a student
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
nurse. Which student comment indicates an understanding?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. "Early researchers used themselves as test subjects." xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. "A primary goal of pharmacology is to prevent disease."
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. "Penicillin is one of the initial drugs isolated from a natural source." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. "Pharmacologists began synthesizing drugs in the laboratory in the nineteenth xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
century." xc
Answer: 1 x c
Explanation:
xc
1. Some early researchers, like Friedrich Serturner, used themselves as test
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
subjects. xc
2. An early goal of pharmacology was to relieve human suffering.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. Initial drugs isolated from complex mixtures included morphine, colchicine,
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
curare, and cocaine, but not penicillin.
xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. By the twentieth century, pharmacologists could synthesize drugs in the
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
laboratory. xc
Page Ref: 3 xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.1 Integrate understanding of multiple
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
dimensions of patient-centered care: patient/family/community preferences, values;
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
coordination and integration of care; information, communication, and education;
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
physical comfort and emotional support; involvement of family and friends; and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
transition and continuity.
xc xc xc
| AACN Essential Competencies: I.7 Integrate the knowledge and methods of a variety of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
disciplines to inform decision making. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Integration of knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
xc xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-1 Identify key events in the history of pharmacology.
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
2) A student nurse asks a nursing instructor why anatomy and physiology as well as
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
microbiology are required courses when the student only wants to learn
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
about pharmacology. What is the best response by the instructor?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. "Because pharmacology is an outgrowth of those subjects." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. "You must learn all, since all of those subjects are part of the curriculum."
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. "Knowledge of all those subjects will prepare you to administer medication." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. "An understanding of those subjects is essential to understand pharmacology."
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 4
xc x c
Explanation:
1. Pharmacology is an outgrowth of anatomy, physiology, and microbiology, but xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
this is not the most essential reason for the nurse to learn them.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. The nurse must learn anatomy, physiology, and microbiology to understand
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology, not because they are part of the curriculum.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
, 3. Knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and microbiology prepares the nurse to xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
understand pharmacology, not to provide care such as administration of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
medications. xc
4. It is essential for the nurse to have a broad knowledge base of many sciences
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
in order to learn pharmacology.
xc xc xc xc xc
Page Ref: 3 xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.1 Integrate understanding of multiple
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
dimensions of patient-centered care: patient/family/community preferences, values;
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
coordination and integration of care; information, communication, and education;
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
physical comfort and emotional support; involvement of family and friends; and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
transition and continuity.
xc xc xc
| AACN Essential Competencies: I.7 Integrate the knowledge and methods of a variety of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
disciplines to inform decision making. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Integration of knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation
xc xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-2 Explain the interdisciplinary nature of pharmacology, giving an
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
example of how knowledge from different sciences impacts the nurse's role in drug
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
administration.
xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
3) A nurse is teaching a group of nurses about the differences between pharmacology
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
and therapeutics. The nurse determines that learning has occurred when which
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
statements are made?
xc xc xc
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Select all that apply. xc xc xc
1. "Pharmacology is the development of medicines." xc xc xc xc xc
2. "Pharmacology is the study of medicines." xc xc xc xc xc
3. "Therapeutics relates to drug use to treat suffering." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. "Therapeutics is the study of drug interactions." xc xc xc xc xc xc
5. "Pharmacology is the study of drugs to prevent disease." xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 2, 3, 5
xc x c xc xc
Explanation:
1. Pharmacology is not the development of medicines. xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. Pharmacology is the study of medicines. xc xc xc xc xc
3. Therapeutics is the use of drugs in the treatment of suffering. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. Therapeutics is not related to study of drug interactions. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
5. Pharmacotherapy is the application of drugs for the purpose of disease xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
prevention. xc
Page Ref: 4 xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.1 Integrate understanding of multiple dimensions
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
of patient-centered care: patient/family/community preferences, values; coordination
x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
and integration of care; information, communication, and education; physical comfort
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
and emotional support; involvement of family and friends; and transition and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
continuity.
xc
, | AACN Essential Competencies: I.7 Integrate the knowledge and methods of a variety of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
disciplines to inform decision making. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Integration of knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
xc xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-3 Compare and contrast therapeutics and pharmacology.
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
4) A nurse administers a vaccine to a client. What is the nurse's best understanding as
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
it relates to the manufacture of a vaccine?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. The vaccine is produced by natural plant extracts in the laboratory.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. The vaccine is naturally produced in animal cells or microorganisms.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. The vaccine is produced by a combination of animal and plant products.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. The vaccine is most commonly synthesized in a laboratory.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 2
xc x c
Explanation:
1. Vaccines are not produced by natural plant extracts. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. Vaccines are naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or by the body xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
itself. xc
3. Vaccines are not produced by a combination of animal and plant products. xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
4. Vaccines are not synthesized in a laboratory. xc xc xc xc xc xc
Page Ref: 4
xc xc xc
Cognitive Level: Applying xc x c
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc
Standards: QSEN Competencies: III.A.1 Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
methods and processes. | AACN Essential Competencies: IX.3 Implement holistic,
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
patient-centered care that reflects an understanding of human growth and
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
development, pathophysiology, pharmacology, medical management, and nursing
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
management across the health-illness continuum, across lifespan, and in all
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
healthcare settings. | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science: Integration of
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
knowledge from nursing and other disciplines. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts:
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Nursing Process: Evaluation
xc xc xc
Learning Outcome: 1-4 Compare and contrast traditional drugs, biologics, and
xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
complementary and alternative medicine therapies.
xc xc xc xc xc
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1 Examine the relationship between medicine and
xc xc x c xc xc xc xc xc xc
pharmacology.
xc
5) An older client is admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding. The client says to the
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
nurse, "I don't understand this. All I did was take ibuprofen (Advil) for my
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
arthritis." What is the nurse's best response?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
1. Review nonpharmacologic methods to relieve joint pain. xc xc xc xc xc xc
2. Encourage the client to substitute safer drugs, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol). xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
3. Remind the client to contact their healthcare provider before taking any over- xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
the-counter (OTC) medications.
xc xc xc
4. Teach the client about the side effects of ibuprofen (Advil). xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Answer: 4
xc x c
Explanation:
