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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
l l l l
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
l l l l l l l
Unity and Diversity of Cells
l l l l
1-1 Livinglsystemslarelincrediblyldiverselinlsize,lshape,lenvironment,landlbehavior.lItlislestimatedlthatltherelar
elbetweenl10lmillionlandl100lmillionldifferentlspecies.lDespitelthislwidelvarietyloflorganisms,litlremainsldi
fficultltoldefinelwhatlitlmeansltolsaylsomethinglislalive.lWhichloflthelfollowinglcanlbeldescribedlaslthelsmal
lestllivinglunit?
(a) DNAl(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatelwhetherlthelfollowinglstatementslareltruelorlfalse.lIflthelstatementlislfalse,lexplainlwhylitlislfals
e.
A. ThelParameciumlislalmulticellularlmicroorganismlcoveredlwithlhairlikelcilia.
B. Cellslofldifferentltypeslcanlhaveldifferentlchemicallrequirements.lC.
Thelbranchlikelextensionslthatlsproutlfromlalsinglelnervelcelllinla
mammalianlbrainlcanlextendloverlseverallhundredlmicrometers.
1-3 Forleachloflthelfollowinglsentences,lfilllinlthelblankslwithlthelbestlwordlorlphraselselectedlfromlthellistlbe
low.lNotlalllwordslorlphraseslwilllbelused;leachlwordlorlphraselshouldlbelusedlonlylonce.
Cellslcanlbelveryldiverse:lsuperficially,ltheylcomelinlvariouslsizes,lranginglfromlbacteriallcel
lslsuchlaslLactobacillus,lwhichlislalfew
l
inllength,ltollargerlcellslsuchlaslalfrog’slegg,lwhichlhaslaldiameterloflaboutlo
ne
.lDespiteltheldiversity,lcellslresembleleachlotherltolanlastonishingldegreelinlt
heirlchemistry.lForlexample,lthelsamel20
arelusedltolmakelproteins.lSimilarly,lthelgeneticlinformationloflalllcellslislst
oredlinltheir
l .lAlthough
containlthelsameltypesloflmoleculeslaslcells,ltheirlinabilityltolreproducelthe
mselveslbyltheirlownleffortslmeanslthatltheylarelnotlconsideredllivinglmatter.
aminolacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)l yeast
fattylacidsl plants
meter plasmalmembranes
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1-4 Howldoeslcellularlspecializationlservelmulticellularlorganismslandlhowlmightlalhig
hldegreeloflspecializationlbeldetrimental?
1-5 Thelflowloflgeneticlinformationlislcontrolledlbylalseriesloflbiochemicallreactionslthatl
resultlinlthelproductionloflproteins,leachlwithlitslownlspecificlorderloflaminolacids.lC
hooselthelcorrectlseriesloflbiochemicallreactionslfromltheloptionslpresentedlhere.
(a) replication,ltranscription,ltranslation
(b) replication,ltranslation,ltranscription
(c) translation,ltranscription,lreplication
(d) translation,lreplication,ltranscription
1-6 Proteinslarelimportantlarchitecturallandlcatalyticlcomponentslwithinlthelcell,lhelpingl
toldeterminelitslchemistry,litslshape,landlitslabilityltolrespondltolchangeslinlthelenviro
nment.lRemarkably,lalllofltheldifferentlproteinslinlalcelllarelmadelfromlthelsamel20
.lByllinkinglthemlinldifferentlsequences,lthelcelllcanlm
akelproteinlmoleculeslwithldifferentlconformationslandlsurfacelchemistries,landlthere
foreldifferentlfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminolacids.
(d) fattylacids.
1-7 WhichlstatementlislNOTltruelaboutlmutations?
(a) AlmutationlislalchangelinlthelDNAlthatlcanlgenerateloffspringllesslfitlforlsurv
ivallthanltheirlparents.
(b) AlmutationlcanlbelalresultloflimperfectlDNAlduplication.
(c) Almutationlislalresultloflsexuallreproduction.
(d) AlmutationlislalchangelinlthelDNAlthatlcanlgenerateloffspringlthatlarelaslfitlfo
rlsurvivallasltheirlparentslare.
1-8 ChangeslinlDNAlsequencelfromlonelgenerationltolthelnextlmaylresultlinloffspringlthatl
arelalteredlinlfitnesslcomparedlwithltheirlparents.lThelprocessloflchangelandlselectionl
overlthelcourseloflmanylgenerationslislthelbasislof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectltheloptionlthatlbestlfinisheslthelfollowinglstatement:l“Evolutionlislalpro
cess .”
(a) thatlcanlbelunderstoodlbasedlonlthelprinciplesloflmutationlandlselection.
(b) thatlresultslfromlrepeatedlcycleslofladaptationloverlbillionsloflyears.
(c) bylwhichlalllpresent-daylcellslaroselfroml4–5ldifferentlancestrallcells.
(d) thatlrequireslhundredsloflthousandsloflyears.
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1-10 Selectltheloptionlthatlcorrectlylfinisheslthelfollowinglstatement:l“Alcell’slgenome
l .”
(a) isldefinedlaslalllthelgeneslbeinglusedltolmakelprotein.
(b) containslallloflalcell’slDNA.
(c) constantlylchanges,ldependingluponlthelcell’slenvironment.
(d) islalteredlduringlembryonicldevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
l l l
1-11 WhichlstatementlislNOTltruelaboutlthelevents/conclusionslfromlstudieslduringlthel
mid-1800slsurroundingltheldiscoveryloflcells?
(a) Cellslcameltolbelknownlaslthelsmallestluniversallbuildinglblocklofllivinglorg
anisms.
(b) Scientistslcameltolthelconclusionlthatlnewlcellslcanlformlspontaneouslylfro
mlthelremnantsloflrupturedlcells.
(c) Lightlmicroscopylwaslessentiallinldemonstratinglthelcommonalitieslbe
tweenlplantlandlanimalltissues.
(d) Newlcellslariselfromlthelgrowthlandldivisionloflpreviouslylexistinglcells.
1-12 Whatlunitlofllengthlwouldlyoulgenerallyluseltolmeasurelaltypicallplantlorlanimallcell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchltheltypeloflmicroscopylonlthelleftlwithlthelcorrespondingldescriptionlpro
videdlbelow.lTherelislonelbestlmatchlforleach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionlelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanninglelectron
F. bright-field
l
useslallightlmicroscopelwithlanlopticallcomponentltoltakeladvantageloflthel
differentlrefractivelindiceslofllightlpassinglthroughldifferentlregionsloflthelcell
.
l
employslallightlmicroscopelandlrequireslthatlsampleslbelfixedlandlstainedli
nlorderltolreveallcellularldetails.
lllllllllrequiresltheluselofltwolsetsloflfilters.lThelfirstlfilterlnarrowslthelwavelengthlrangelth
atlreacheslthelspecimenlandlthelsecondlblocksloutlalllwavelengthslthatlpasslba
cklupltoltheleyepiecelexceptlforlthoselemittedlbyltheldyelinlthelsample.
lllllllllscanslthelspecimenlwithlalfocusedllaserlbeamltolobtainlalserieslofltwo-
ldimensionallopticallsections,lwhichlcanlbelusedltolreconstructlanlimagelof
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Distributionloflthisldocumentlislillegal
, Stuvia.coml-lThelMarketplaceltolBuylandlSelllyourlStudylMaterial
ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
l l l l
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
l l l l l l l
Unity and Diversity of Cells
l l l l
1-1 Livinglsystemslarelincrediblyldiverselinlsize,lshape,lenvironment,landlbehavior.lItlislestimatedlthatltherelar
elbetweenl10lmillionlandl100lmillionldifferentlspecies.lDespitelthislwidelvarietyloflorganisms,litlremainsldi
fficultltoldefinelwhatlitlmeansltolsaylsomethinglislalive.lWhichloflthelfollowinglcanlbeldescribedlaslthelsmal
lestllivinglunit?
(a) DNAl(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatelwhetherlthelfollowinglstatementslareltruelorlfalse.lIflthelstatementlislfalse,lexplainlwhylitlislfals
e.
A. ThelParameciumlislalmulticellularlmicroorganismlcoveredlwithlhairlikelcilia.
B. Cellslofldifferentltypeslcanlhaveldifferentlchemicallrequirements.lC.
Thelbranchlikelextensionslthatlsproutlfromlalsinglelnervelcelllinla
mammalianlbrainlcanlextendloverlseverallhundredlmicrometers.
1-3 Forleachloflthelfollowinglsentences,lfilllinlthelblankslwithlthelbestlwordlorlphraselselectedlfromlthellistlbe
low.lNotlalllwordslorlphraseslwilllbelused;leachlwordlorlphraselshouldlbelusedlonlylonce.
Cellslcanlbelveryldiverse:lsuperficially,ltheylcomelinlvariouslsizes,lranginglfromlbacteriallcel
lslsuchlaslLactobacillus,lwhichlislalfew
l
inllength,ltollargerlcellslsuchlaslalfrog’slegg,lwhichlhaslaldiameterloflaboutlo
ne
.lDespiteltheldiversity,lcellslresembleleachlotherltolanlastonishingldegreelinlt
heirlchemistry.lForlexample,lthelsamel20
arelusedltolmakelproteins.lSimilarly,lthelgeneticlinformationloflalllcellslislst
oredlinltheir
l .lAlthough
containlthelsameltypesloflmoleculeslaslcells,ltheirlinabilityltolreproducelthe
mselveslbyltheirlownleffortslmeanslthatltheylarelnotlconsideredllivinglmatter.
aminolacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)l yeast
fattylacidsl plants
meter plasmalmembranes
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, Stuvia.coml-lThelMarketplaceltolBuylandlSelllyourlStudylMaterial
1-4 Howldoeslcellularlspecializationlservelmulticellularlorganismslandlhowlmightlalhig
hldegreeloflspecializationlbeldetrimental?
1-5 Thelflowloflgeneticlinformationlislcontrolledlbylalseriesloflbiochemicallreactionslthatl
resultlinlthelproductionloflproteins,leachlwithlitslownlspecificlorderloflaminolacids.lC
hooselthelcorrectlseriesloflbiochemicallreactionslfromltheloptionslpresentedlhere.
(a) replication,ltranscription,ltranslation
(b) replication,ltranslation,ltranscription
(c) translation,ltranscription,lreplication
(d) translation,lreplication,ltranscription
1-6 Proteinslarelimportantlarchitecturallandlcatalyticlcomponentslwithinlthelcell,lhelpingl
toldeterminelitslchemistry,litslshape,landlitslabilityltolrespondltolchangeslinlthelenviro
nment.lRemarkably,lalllofltheldifferentlproteinslinlalcelllarelmadelfromlthelsamel20
.lByllinkinglthemlinldifferentlsequences,lthelcelllcanlm
akelproteinlmoleculeslwithldifferentlconformationslandlsurfacelchemistries,landlthere
foreldifferentlfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminolacids.
(d) fattylacids.
1-7 WhichlstatementlislNOTltruelaboutlmutations?
(a) AlmutationlislalchangelinlthelDNAlthatlcanlgenerateloffspringllesslfitlforlsurv
ivallthanltheirlparents.
(b) AlmutationlcanlbelalresultloflimperfectlDNAlduplication.
(c) Almutationlislalresultloflsexuallreproduction.
(d) AlmutationlislalchangelinlthelDNAlthatlcanlgenerateloffspringlthatlarelaslfitlfo
rlsurvivallasltheirlparentslare.
1-8 ChangeslinlDNAlsequencelfromlonelgenerationltolthelnextlmaylresultlinloffspringlthatl
arelalteredlinlfitnesslcomparedlwithltheirlparents.lThelprocessloflchangelandlselectionl
overlthelcourseloflmanylgenerationslislthelbasislof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectltheloptionlthatlbestlfinisheslthelfollowinglstatement:l“Evolutionlislalpro
cess .”
(a) thatlcanlbelunderstoodlbasedlonlthelprinciplesloflmutationlandlselection.
(b) thatlresultslfromlrepeatedlcycleslofladaptationloverlbillionsloflyears.
(c) bylwhichlalllpresent-daylcellslaroselfroml4–5ldifferentlancestrallcells.
(d) thatlrequireslhundredsloflthousandsloflyears.
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, Stuvia.coml-lThelMarketplaceltolBuylandlSelllyourlStudylMaterial
1-10 Selectltheloptionlthatlcorrectlylfinisheslthelfollowinglstatement:l“Alcell’slgenome
l .”
(a) isldefinedlaslalllthelgeneslbeinglusedltolmakelprotein.
(b) containslallloflalcell’slDNA.
(c) constantlylchanges,ldependingluponlthelcell’slenvironment.
(d) islalteredlduringlembryonicldevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
l l l
1-11 WhichlstatementlislNOTltruelaboutlthelevents/conclusionslfromlstudieslduringlthel
mid-1800slsurroundingltheldiscoveryloflcells?
(a) Cellslcameltolbelknownlaslthelsmallestluniversallbuildinglblocklofllivinglorg
anisms.
(b) Scientistslcameltolthelconclusionlthatlnewlcellslcanlformlspontaneouslylfro
mlthelremnantsloflrupturedlcells.
(c) Lightlmicroscopylwaslessentiallinldemonstratinglthelcommonalitieslbe
tweenlplantlandlanimalltissues.
(d) Newlcellslariselfromlthelgrowthlandldivisionloflpreviouslylexistinglcells.
1-12 Whatlunitlofllengthlwouldlyoulgenerallyluseltolmeasurelaltypicallplantlorlanimallcell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchltheltypeloflmicroscopylonlthelleftlwithlthelcorrespondingldescriptionlpro
videdlbelow.lTherelislonelbestlmatchlforleach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionlelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanninglelectron
F. bright-field
l
useslallightlmicroscopelwithlanlopticallcomponentltoltakeladvantageloflthel
differentlrefractivelindiceslofllightlpassinglthroughldifferentlregionsloflthelcell
.
l
employslallightlmicroscopelandlrequireslthatlsampleslbelfixedlandlstainedli
nlorderltolreveallcellularldetails.
lllllllllrequiresltheluselofltwolsetsloflfilters.lThelfirstlfilterlnarrowslthelwavelengthlrangelth
atlreacheslthelspecimenlandlthelsecondlblocksloutlalllwavelengthslthatlpasslba
cklupltoltheleyepiecelexceptlforlthoselemittedlbyltheldyelinlthelsample.
lllllllllscanslthelspecimenlwithlalfocusedllaserlbeamltolobtainlalserieslofltwo-
ldimensionallopticallsections,lwhichlcanlbelusedltolreconstructlanlimagelof
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