AQA_2024: A-level History - Component 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme)

AQA_2024: A-level History - Component 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) A-level HISTORY Component 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 Thursday 23 May 2024 Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 16-page answer book. Instructions Morning  Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes  Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7042/1A.  Answer three questions. In Section A answer Question 01. In Section B answer two questions. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 80.  You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice  You are advised to spend about: – 1 hour on Question 01 from Section A – 45 minutes on each of the two questions answered from Section B. IB/M/Jun24/7042/1A 3 key areas: 1. The Origins of the Crusades: o The Byzantine Empire’s appeal for help against Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). o Pope Urban II’s call for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont (1095), promising spiritual rewards. 2. The First Crusade (1096–1099): o The successful capture of Jerusalem in 1099, establishing Crusader states like Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem. o The role of leaders like Godfrey of Bouillon and Bohemond of Taranto. 3. The Second Crusade (1147–1149): o Triggered by the fall of Edessa (1144) to the Seljuk Turks. o Failure of the Crusaders, with no significant territorial gains and a failed siege of Damascus. 4. The Third Crusade (1189–1192): o Response to the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187. o Key figures: Richard the Lionheart, Philip II of France, and Frederick I Barbarossa. o Partial success: Crusaders recaptured some coastal cities but failed to reclaim Jerusalem. 5. The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204): o Originally aimed at reconquering Jerusalem but diverted to Constantinople. o Capture and sack of Constantinople (1204), marking the end of Byzantine dominance and the beginning of the Latin Empire. 6. Impact of the Crusades: o Cultural exchange between East and West, including knowledge, goods, and technology. o Economic and social changes in Europe, strengthening the power of the Church and influencing the feudal system. o The decline of the Byzantine Empire and rise of Islamic powers in the Middle East. These key areas cover the main events, figures, and impacts of the Crusades between 1071 and 1204. IB/M/Jun24/G4006/E6 IB/M/Jun24/7042/1A 7042/1A Turn over ► 4 IB/M/Jun24/7042/1A Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A When Jerusalem was captured in July 1099 the crusaders had achieved their goal, but there was no evidence that they had a plan for the future beyond the liberation of the Holy City. Thus, once they had fulfilled their pilgrim vows, many crusaders were ready to set out for home. As a result, Godfrey of Bouillon’s realm consisted of little more than three isolated territories: Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Jaffa. Baldwin I, however, succeeded in extending the Kingdom to include the coastal cities. This was vital for the Kingdom’s survival. But, the critical city of Ascalon was not taken by Baldwin. Already, the Egyptians had landed armies there to threaten the Kingdom, and any coastal cities were under threat so long as the Egyptians had a harbour so close to them. A further problem for Baldwin and his successors was that the cities had been taken at a price. The participation of the Italians, although vital, led to a significant loss of revenue from trade. Adapted from S Edgington, Baldwin I of Jerusalem, 2020 5 10 Extract B Although the First Crusaders achieved the initial invasion of the Near East, the real task of conquest and creation of the Crusader States was carried out by the first generation of settlers. Of these, the greatest individual contributions were undoubtedly made by King Baldwin I and his rival, Tancred. Together these two steered the Latin East through a period of extreme fragility. The real significance of Islamic disunity became clear. In these years of foundation, the western European settlement of Syria and Palestine quite probably could have been halted by committed and determined Muslim attack. Baldwin’s and Tancred’s successes were also built upon a flexibility of approach that mixed ruthlessness with realism. Thus, the work of consolidation and suppression was carried out, not simply through direct military conquest, but also via diplomacy, financial exploitation and the incorporation of the indigenous non-Latin population. Latin survival was likewise dependent upon the willingness of Baldwin, Tancred and their contemporaries to replace internal competition and confrontation with cooperation in the face of external threats. Adapted from T Asbridge, The Crusades, 2010 5 10 3 Extract C What followed the taking of Jerusalem was remarkable. An isolated Christian state was established in the heart of the Muslim world. It seemed impossible that the new Western experiment should survive. It was apparently indefensible, strung out for hundreds of miles along the coast. Even if Outremer had been fully occupied, it would have seemed doomed. The population was chaotically mixed in race as well as in religion and the Christians were, in most places, a minority. Outremer was in no way an organised state with frontiers; it was rather a series of strongholds and walled cities. Edessa in the north was well placed to act as a barrier against Muslim invasion. But it was so far away from Jerusalem that the union between the two was difficult to maintain. Antioch was in perpetual rivalry with Tripoli and Byzantium; and Tripoli was jealous of its independence. Outremer was continually under pressure and continually penetrated by the Muslim powers on whose fringes it precariously lay. Adapted from H Belloc, The Crusades: The World’s Debate, 1937 5 10 0 1 Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the condition of Outremer in the years 1098 to 1118. [30 marks] Turn over for Section B IB/M/Jun24/7042/1A Turn over ► 6 IB/M/Jun24/7042/1A Section B Answer two questions. 0 2 ‘A desire to increase their own political power was the main reason why Popes called Crusades in the years 1095 to 1146.’ Assess the validity of this view. [25 marks] 0 3 ‘Relations between Byzantium and Latin Christians were very strong in the years 1143 to 1180.’ Assess the validity of this view. [25 marks] 0 4 To what extent did Western interventions strengthen the position of Outremer in the years 1177 to 1204? [25 marks] END OF QUESTIONS Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team. Copyright © 2024 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. A-level HISTORY 7042/1A Component 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 Mark scheme June 2024 Version: 1.0 Final