ARDMS Adult Echocardiography Exam
2024/2025 Exam Questions and Answers
| 100% Pass
IVCT - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-MV closure to AV opening
-Increase in LV pressure, no change in LV volume
-Max end-diastolic volume in LV
-Part of systole
IVRT - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-AoV closure to MV opening
-Decrease in LV pressure, no change in LV volume
-Lowest LV volume (end-systolic)
-Indicator for DD
Sinus venosus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Uncommon ASD (10%), associated with
partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
Ostium secundum - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The most common ASD (70%), in
fossa ovalis region, associated with MVP
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Ostium primum - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Uncommon ASD (20%), associated with
cleft MV
What is the murmur associated with ASD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Fixed, split S2
What is the best view to assess an ASD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Subcostal
because Doppler is parallel to ASD flow
Qp/Qs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio
>1.5 (significant shunt)
The most common congenital heart defect seen in children - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔VSD
VSD most commonly occur in ? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔membranous or muscular
portions
Perimembranous VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Most common in adults,
associated with AI
Outlet VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔AKA Supracristal
Inlet (@ level of MV) VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Assocaited with AV canal
defect (ASD)
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Trabecular VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Second most common seen in adults
What view(s) do you see a Perimembranous VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX
@ level of AoV (9 to 12 o'clock position), A5CH
What view(s) do you see an Outlet VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX @ level
of AoV (12 to 3 o'clock position)
What view(s) do you see an Inlet VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX @ level of
MV
What view(s) do you see a Trabecular VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX @
mid LV and apex
Most VSDs have enlargement of what two chambers? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔LA
and LV.
RV size is normal because systolic flow across the defect in ejected directly
into PA.
RVSP equation for VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Systolic BP - 4V^2
Patent Ductus Arteriosus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Located between the Ao and
PA, left heart may be dilated
Coarctation of Ao - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Associated with BAV
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Tetralogy of Fallot - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Membranous VSD
2. Overriding Ao
3. RVH
4. RV outflow obstruction
Ebstein's anomaly - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- Apical displacement of TV (>2cm
septal)
- Atrializes proximal portion of RV causing decrease in RV size (TR)
- Secundum ASD/PFO (75%)
-VSD
- Associated with WPW (wolfe-parkinson-white)
-Large RA, small RV
Eisenmenger's syndrome - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- Intracardiac shunt is reversed
(becoming right to left)
- VSD or ASD
Parachute MV - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔One major papillary muscle
BAV - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- Systolic doming of AoV cusps (PSAX)
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2024/2025 Exam Questions and Answers
| 100% Pass
IVCT - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-MV closure to AV opening
-Increase in LV pressure, no change in LV volume
-Max end-diastolic volume in LV
-Part of systole
IVRT - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-AoV closure to MV opening
-Decrease in LV pressure, no change in LV volume
-Lowest LV volume (end-systolic)
-Indicator for DD
Sinus venosus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Uncommon ASD (10%), associated with
partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
Ostium secundum - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The most common ASD (70%), in
fossa ovalis region, associated with MVP
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Ostium primum - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Uncommon ASD (20%), associated with
cleft MV
What is the murmur associated with ASD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Fixed, split S2
What is the best view to assess an ASD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Subcostal
because Doppler is parallel to ASD flow
Qp/Qs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio
>1.5 (significant shunt)
The most common congenital heart defect seen in children - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔VSD
VSD most commonly occur in ? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔membranous or muscular
portions
Perimembranous VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Most common in adults,
associated with AI
Outlet VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔AKA Supracristal
Inlet (@ level of MV) VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Assocaited with AV canal
defect (ASD)
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Trabecular VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Second most common seen in adults
What view(s) do you see a Perimembranous VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX
@ level of AoV (9 to 12 o'clock position), A5CH
What view(s) do you see an Outlet VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX @ level
of AoV (12 to 3 o'clock position)
What view(s) do you see an Inlet VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX @ level of
MV
What view(s) do you see a Trabecular VSD? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔PSAX @
mid LV and apex
Most VSDs have enlargement of what two chambers? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔LA
and LV.
RV size is normal because systolic flow across the defect in ejected directly
into PA.
RVSP equation for VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Systolic BP - 4V^2
Patent Ductus Arteriosus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Located between the Ao and
PA, left heart may be dilated
Coarctation of Ao - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Associated with BAV
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Tetralogy of Fallot - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Membranous VSD
2. Overriding Ao
3. RVH
4. RV outflow obstruction
Ebstein's anomaly - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- Apical displacement of TV (>2cm
septal)
- Atrializes proximal portion of RV causing decrease in RV size (TR)
- Secundum ASD/PFO (75%)
-VSD
- Associated with WPW (wolfe-parkinson-white)
-Large RA, small RV
Eisenmenger's syndrome - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- Intracardiac shunt is reversed
(becoming right to left)
- VSD or ASD
Parachute MV - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔One major papillary muscle
BAV - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- Systolic doming of AoV cusps (PSAX)
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
