BIO235 Midterm 1 Exam Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
A-Band - ✔✔one of the transverse bands making up repeated striations of
cardiac and skeletal muscle; region of aligned myosin-containing thick
filaments
Absolute Refractory period - ✔✔time during which an excitable membrane
cannot generate an action potential in response to any stimulus
Acetylcholine (ACh) - ✔✔a neurotransmitter released by pre- and
postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, preganglionic sympathetic
neurons, somatic neurons, and some CNS neurons
Acetylcholinesterase - ✔✔enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into
acetic acid and choline 22
1
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,Actin - ✔✔polymers of G-actin that form part of the cell cytoskeleton and
are part of the contractile apparatus of muscle cells; also called
microfilaments
Action potential - ✔✔electrical signal propagated by neurons and muscle
cells; an all-or-none depolarization of membrane polarity; has a threshold
and refractory period and is conducted without decrement
Active Zone - ✔✔region within an axon terminal where neurotransmitter
vesicles are clustered prior to secretion
Aerobic metabolism - ✔✔in presence of oxygen
Afferent neuron - ✔✔neuron that carries information from sensory
receptors at its peripheral endings to CNS; cell body lies outside CNS
Alzheimer's Disease - ✔✔Degradation of neurons associated with the Ach
system. Associated with a decreased amount of Ach in certain areas of the
brain. Loss of postsynaptic neurons that responded to Ach. Results in
declining language and perceptual abilities, confusion, and memory loss
Anaerobic metabolism - ✔✔in the absence of oxygen
2
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,Apical membrane - ✔✔the surface of an epithelial cell that faces a lumen,
such as that of the intestines
Astrocyte - ✔✔a form of glial cell that regulates composition of
extracellular fluid around neurons and forms part of the blood-brain
barrier
ATP - ✔✔nucleotide that transfers energy from metabolism to cell
functions during its breakdown to ADP and release of Pi
Autocrine - ✔✔chemical messenger secreted into extracellular fluid that
acts upon the cell that secreted it; compare paracrine substance
Axon - ✔✔chemical messenger secreted into extracellular fluid that acts
upon the cell that secreted it; compare paracrine substance
Axon terminal - ✔✔end of axon; forms synaptic or neuroeffector junction
with postjunctional cell
Basolateral membrane - ✔✔sides of epithelial cell other than luminal
surface; also called serosal or blood side of cell
3
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, Botulinum toxin (Botox®) - ✔✔clostridium botulinum bacilli toxin
(botulism). Interferes with SNARE proteins at excitatort synapses that
activate muscles. Botilusm is characterized as muscle paralysis.
Botox injections can help treat face wrinkles, severe sweating, and
uncontrollable blinking
Cell - ✔✔the functional unit of living organisms; four broad classes
included epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
Cell body dendrite - ✔✔receive info, direct info towards the cell body.
Short branching, dendritic spines where axons can synapse
Central nervous system (CNS) - ✔✔brain and spinal cord
Chemical synapse - ✔✔synapse at which neurotransmitters released by one
neuron diffuse across an extracellular gap to influence a second neuron's
activity
Circadian rhythm - ✔✔occurring in an approximately 24 h cycle
Connective tissue - ✔✔one of the four major categories of tissues in the
body; major component of extracellular matrices, cartilage, and bone
4
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and Answers 100% Pass
A-Band - ✔✔one of the transverse bands making up repeated striations of
cardiac and skeletal muscle; region of aligned myosin-containing thick
filaments
Absolute Refractory period - ✔✔time during which an excitable membrane
cannot generate an action potential in response to any stimulus
Acetylcholine (ACh) - ✔✔a neurotransmitter released by pre- and
postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, preganglionic sympathetic
neurons, somatic neurons, and some CNS neurons
Acetylcholinesterase - ✔✔enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into
acetic acid and choline 22
1
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights
,Actin - ✔✔polymers of G-actin that form part of the cell cytoskeleton and
are part of the contractile apparatus of muscle cells; also called
microfilaments
Action potential - ✔✔electrical signal propagated by neurons and muscle
cells; an all-or-none depolarization of membrane polarity; has a threshold
and refractory period and is conducted without decrement
Active Zone - ✔✔region within an axon terminal where neurotransmitter
vesicles are clustered prior to secretion
Aerobic metabolism - ✔✔in presence of oxygen
Afferent neuron - ✔✔neuron that carries information from sensory
receptors at its peripheral endings to CNS; cell body lies outside CNS
Alzheimer's Disease - ✔✔Degradation of neurons associated with the Ach
system. Associated with a decreased amount of Ach in certain areas of the
brain. Loss of postsynaptic neurons that responded to Ach. Results in
declining language and perceptual abilities, confusion, and memory loss
Anaerobic metabolism - ✔✔in the absence of oxygen
2
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,Apical membrane - ✔✔the surface of an epithelial cell that faces a lumen,
such as that of the intestines
Astrocyte - ✔✔a form of glial cell that regulates composition of
extracellular fluid around neurons and forms part of the blood-brain
barrier
ATP - ✔✔nucleotide that transfers energy from metabolism to cell
functions during its breakdown to ADP and release of Pi
Autocrine - ✔✔chemical messenger secreted into extracellular fluid that
acts upon the cell that secreted it; compare paracrine substance
Axon - ✔✔chemical messenger secreted into extracellular fluid that acts
upon the cell that secreted it; compare paracrine substance
Axon terminal - ✔✔end of axon; forms synaptic or neuroeffector junction
with postjunctional cell
Basolateral membrane - ✔✔sides of epithelial cell other than luminal
surface; also called serosal or blood side of cell
3
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights
, Botulinum toxin (Botox®) - ✔✔clostridium botulinum bacilli toxin
(botulism). Interferes with SNARE proteins at excitatort synapses that
activate muscles. Botilusm is characterized as muscle paralysis.
Botox injections can help treat face wrinkles, severe sweating, and
uncontrollable blinking
Cell - ✔✔the functional unit of living organisms; four broad classes
included epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
Cell body dendrite - ✔✔receive info, direct info towards the cell body.
Short branching, dendritic spines where axons can synapse
Central nervous system (CNS) - ✔✔brain and spinal cord
Chemical synapse - ✔✔synapse at which neurotransmitters released by one
neuron diffuse across an extracellular gap to influence a second neuron's
activity
Circadian rhythm - ✔✔occurring in an approximately 24 h cycle
Connective tissue - ✔✔one of the four major categories of tissues in the
body; major component of extracellular matrices, cartilage, and bone
4
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