Bio 235 - Chapter 6 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Bio 235 - Chapter 6 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Osteology - the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders What are the basic functions of the skeletal system - 1)support 2)protection 3)assitance in movement 4)mineral homeostasis 5)blood cell production 6)triglyceride storage Skeletal System - Support - serves as structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendown of most skeletal muscles. 2 100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Skeletal System - Protection - skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury (ex. cranial bones protect the brain) Skeletal System - Assistance in movement - most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produc movement. Skeletal System - Mineral Homeostasis - bone tissue stores several minerals (especially calcium and phosphorous) which contribute to the strength of the bone. Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body's calcium. On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body. Skeletal System - Blood cell production - within certain bones a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets (a process called hemopoiesis) * in a newborn all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis - with increasing age much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow. 3 100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Skeletal System - Triglyceride Storage - Yellow bone marrow consists mostly of adipose cells which store triglycerides. They are a potential chemical energy reserve. Diaphysis - the bone's shaft or body - the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone Epiphysis - proximal and distal ends of the bone Metaphysis - regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone each ___________ contains an epiphyseal (growth plate) Epiphyseal Growth Plate - a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length Epiphyseal Line - When the bone ceases to grow in length (ages 14-24), the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; this is the resulting bony structure. articular cartilage - covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. Reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely 4 100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights moveable joints. Lacks perichondrium and blood vessles - damage repair is limited. Periosteum - Tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever itis not covered by articular cartilage. Composed of outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells (some of the cells allow the bone to grow in thickness but not in length). Function: protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue & serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. Rich in sensory nerves - some of which carry pain sensations (especially sensitive to tearing or tension) (Bone marrow needle biopsy - pain is felt as the needle penetrates the _____________ but little pain is felt once it passes through) perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers) - thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix - attacheds periosteum to underlying bone. 5 100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Medullary Cavity - also called marrow cavity - hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults. Endosteum - thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. Contains a single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue Extracellular Matrix of Bone - 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% crystallized mineral salts. Most abundant mineral is calcium phosphate. Hydroxyapatite - A combination of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide. Calcification - Mineral salts are d