Bio 235 - Unit 6 Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
define metabolism, catabolism, anabolism - ✔✔All the chemical processes
that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
2 types:
Catabolism: chemical reactions that break down complex organic
molecules > simpler ones
- exergonic: they produce more energy than they consume
- ex: simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids
Anabolism: combine simple molecules and monomers to form the body's
complex structural
1
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,and functional components; endergonic: consume more energy than they
produce
explain the role of ATP in anabolism and catabolism. - ✔✔the coupling of
energy-releasing and energy-requiring actions is achieved through ATP
- ATP is readily available to "buy" cellular activities, like money
- each ATP molecule only lasts for less than a minute, so it is not a long-
term storage form of currency; made up of an adenine molecule, ribose
molecule, and 3 phosphate groups
-When terminal phosphate group is split off ATP, ADP and a phosphate
group (P) are formed
- released energy is used to drive anabolic reactions (ex: formation of
glycogen from glucose)
- energy from complex molecules is used in catabolic reactions to combine
ADP to ATP
- ADP + (P) + energy ATP
2
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,describe oxidation-reduction reactions. - ✔✔Oxidation-reduction reactions:
every time a substance is oxidized, another is simultaneously reduced
- ex: when lactic acid is reduced to pyruvic acid, the two hydrogen atoms
that are removed
are used to reduce NAD+
Oxidation: the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule resulting in a
decrease in the
potential energy of the atom or molecule
Reduction: opposite of oxidation; addition of electrons to a molecule
resulting in an increase
in the potential energy
Mechanisms of ATP Generation:
-Substrate level phosphorylation
3
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, -Oxidative phosphorylation
-Photophosphorylation - ✔✔Organisms used three mechanisms of
phosphorylation to generate ATP:
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation: generates ATP by transferring high-
energy phosphate group from a substrate directly into ADP; in humans,
this occurs in cytosol
2. Oxidative phosphorylation: removes electrons from organic compounds
and passes through a series of electron acceptors to molecules of oxygen;
occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of cells
3. Photophosphorylation: occurs only in chlorophyll-containing plant cells
or bacteria
describe the fate and catabolism of carbohydrates. (Glucose) - ✔✔Both
polysaccharides and disaccharides are hydrolyzed into the
monosaccharides glucose (about 80%), fructose, and galactose during the
digestion of carbohydrates
Glucose is a body's preferred source for synthesizing ATP and depends on:
4
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Answers 100% Pass
define metabolism, catabolism, anabolism - ✔✔All the chemical processes
that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
2 types:
Catabolism: chemical reactions that break down complex organic
molecules > simpler ones
- exergonic: they produce more energy than they consume
- ex: simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids
Anabolism: combine simple molecules and monomers to form the body's
complex structural
1
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights
,and functional components; endergonic: consume more energy than they
produce
explain the role of ATP in anabolism and catabolism. - ✔✔the coupling of
energy-releasing and energy-requiring actions is achieved through ATP
- ATP is readily available to "buy" cellular activities, like money
- each ATP molecule only lasts for less than a minute, so it is not a long-
term storage form of currency; made up of an adenine molecule, ribose
molecule, and 3 phosphate groups
-When terminal phosphate group is split off ATP, ADP and a phosphate
group (P) are formed
- released energy is used to drive anabolic reactions (ex: formation of
glycogen from glucose)
- energy from complex molecules is used in catabolic reactions to combine
ADP to ATP
- ADP + (P) + energy ATP
2
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights
,describe oxidation-reduction reactions. - ✔✔Oxidation-reduction reactions:
every time a substance is oxidized, another is simultaneously reduced
- ex: when lactic acid is reduced to pyruvic acid, the two hydrogen atoms
that are removed
are used to reduce NAD+
Oxidation: the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule resulting in a
decrease in the
potential energy of the atom or molecule
Reduction: opposite of oxidation; addition of electrons to a molecule
resulting in an increase
in the potential energy
Mechanisms of ATP Generation:
-Substrate level phosphorylation
3
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, -Oxidative phosphorylation
-Photophosphorylation - ✔✔Organisms used three mechanisms of
phosphorylation to generate ATP:
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation: generates ATP by transferring high-
energy phosphate group from a substrate directly into ADP; in humans,
this occurs in cytosol
2. Oxidative phosphorylation: removes electrons from organic compounds
and passes through a series of electron acceptors to molecules of oxygen;
occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of cells
3. Photophosphorylation: occurs only in chlorophyll-containing plant cells
or bacteria
describe the fate and catabolism of carbohydrates. (Glucose) - ✔✔Both
polysaccharides and disaccharides are hydrolyzed into the
monosaccharides glucose (about 80%), fructose, and galactose during the
digestion of carbohydrates
Glucose is a body's preferred source for synthesizing ATP and depends on:
4
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