Bio 256 Exam 4 | 100 out of 100 | Latest Update | Questions and Answers | GRADED A.

Bio 256 Exam 4 (100 out of 100) Latest Update ( Questions and Answers) GRADED A. How does your immune system prevent attack on "self"? Tolerance is developed during fetal life, through interactions with self antigens in the bone marrow and thymus. Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? Phagocytes Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response? Replaces injured tissues with connective tissue Which are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area? Perforins During fever, your liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc. This inhibits the growth of Microorganisms Another term for antibodies would be Immunoglobulins Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? Antigenic Which causes mediators of the immune response to be released? Tissue damage B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by Producing antigen-specific antibodies The only immunoglobulin to exist as a pentamer (containing 5 subunits) is IgM Which is a correct statement about the functions of antibodies? Complement fixation allows antibodies to provide protection against bacteria Which provides a higher antibody titer against the same disease agent? Secondary immune response Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus Human cells infected with a virus or intracellular parasite are mostly eliminated by the work of T-lymphocytes Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A second exposure to an allergen The single most effective way to prevent the spread of disease is Handwashing The factors responsible for holding the lungs open include Surface tension of pleural fluid and no outside opening to the pleural cavity Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by Reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid The lung volume representing the total volume of exchangeable air is the Vital capacity When you relax the respiratory muscles including your diaphragm, you create a ____ volume in your lungs and ____ intra-pulmonary pressure. Lower, greater Expired air has a greater oxygen content than alveolar air because Alveolar air mixes with air in the anatomical dead space on its way out What causes hemoglobin to release oxygen to body tissues? Decreased tissue pH due to carbon dioxide production With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released to the tissues because A decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond Nerve impulses from ________ stimulate inspiration. The medullary respiratory center The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because The concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes When a person hyperventilates until they faint, they faint because they have induced Respiratory alkalosis Which is a site of both secretion and reabsorption? distal convoluted tubule The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the kidney's filtration membranes is Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Creatinine - All proteins are secreted (casts form) Which process assures that drugs like penicillin are removed from the body, even though they are not filtered? Tubular secretion The descending limb of the loop of Henle Contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by a decrease in the blood pressure If the renal clearance value for a new antibiotic is low, this means A low dosage may be necessary or toxic antibiotic levels may develop Which statement is true about urine? Urine cotains nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid When the urinary bladder is full , and it is convenient and appropriate to urinate, spinal reflexes will stimulate contraction of the___ and inhibit contraction of the ___. Detrussor muscle, internal and external urethral sphincters Which is true about antibodies? They are composed of 2 heavy and 2 light peptide chains Which is not an electrolyte? Phospholipids The symptoms of hay fever (coughing, sneezing, etc.) are resultant of which physiological processes? Hypersensitivity to pollen due to cross linking of IgE on mast cells and subsequent release of histamine We have an expert-written solution to this problem! When the alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure the lungs are Partially inflated One of the major physiological factors triggering thirst is A rise in plasma osmolarity Decreased compliance is most characteristic of which pulmonary disorder? Pulmonary fibrosis Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid? Hint: it promotes Na/K exchange. Aldosterone The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of The control of respiratory ventilation Attempt 2 The system specifically recognizing foreign molecules and acting to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy them is the adaptive immune system The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called Chemotaxis Pyrogens, secreted by activated phagocytes, cause Fever Fever Production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the cytotoxic cells Helper T cells function in adaptive immune system activation Immune system memory cells involve clones of B and T cells that responded to something foreign Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT **Cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched for transfusion Binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms. Targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis. Linking soluble antigens together so that they precipitate. When an antivenom is injected into a snake bite victim, they will develop an elevated antibody titer, but no immune memory Cytotoxic T cells are also known as ___ and they ___. CD8 cells, destroy cells harboring foreign antigens Inspiration occurs with alveolar pressure less than atmospheric pressure Surface tension exists in alveoli because polar water molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than to gas molecules in the air Tidal volume is air exchanged during normal breathing Which respiratory gas is most soluble in water? CO2 In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is much less than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is increase of carbon dioxide The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the pulmonary veins than in pulmonary arteries. True We have an expert-written solution to this problem! When a person holds their breath as long as they can, they have induced respiratory acidosis Urine formation consists of three main mechanisms. Which is NOT one of those mechanisms? cell migration Tubular reabsorption by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient. The body responds to a drop in pH by secreting ___ in the proximal convoluted tubule. more H+ Which part of the kidney is hypertonic, aiding in water reabsorption? medulla The function of angiotensin II is to constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure If the glomerular filtration rate is high, you expect the clearance value for urea to be high Which would not be normal constituent of urine? casts Which is not true about helper T (Th) cells? A young woman has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? There will be a temporary increase in blood volume We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Kidney tubular secretion means Substances are secreted from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and, finally, into the kidney tubules Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made by the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention Next Test The most important line of defense used by the innate defense system is inflammation Kupffer cells of the liver and brain microglial are fixed macrophages Which is a beneficial result of fever? sequestering of liver iron and zinc The primary adaptive immune response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. Which statement about CO2 is INCORRECT? CO2 not transported by RBC's. Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? The chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport. Which is the primary stimulus for a newborn's first inspiration? increased carbon dioxide in the blood detected by the medulla Which is the site of filtration? glomerulus The macula densa cells respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate The kidneys responds to a rise in plasma pH by secreting bicarbonate The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to ions but not water The clearance value of glucose is zero. What does this mean? Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is in the range of 1.001-1.035 When the urinary bladder is full, but it is inconvenient to urinate, spinal reflexes will stimulate contraction of the___ and inhibit contraction of the ___. internal and external urethral sphincters, detrussor muscle Which of the following is not true regarding the immunocompetence of B and T cells? Exposure to foreign antigens in the bone marrow or thymus determines which antigens immune cells will recognize and resist Which is not an electrolyte? cholesterol Which of the following does not result in the formation of new "self antigens" in the human body? Changes in body pH that unfold (denature) self antigen proteins Which cavity specifically refers to the space INSIDE the lungs? pulmonary