BIO 256 Exam 2 | 100 OUT OF 100 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A.

BIO 256 Exam 2 (100 OUT OF 100) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A). the neuroglia forming the myelin sheath around neuron fibers in the peripheral nervous system are schwann cells depolarization means the inside of the cell gets more positive the resting membrane potential is characterized by high potassium and protein inside the cell and high sodium and calcium outside the cell if you were to administer a drug that blocked the activity of the sodium/potassium ATPase pump, what effect would you expect that to have on the cell's ability to absorb glucose (which is absorbed by sodium cotransport?) decreased glucose transport into the cell during the relative refactor period, a neuron may respond to a larger stimulus than the original salatory conduction is made possible by the myelin sheath the substance released at axonal endings to propagate a excitatory posthypnotic impulse is called a(n) neurotransmitter the period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the refectory period We have an expert-written solution to this problem! the neurotransmitter utilized at the neuromuscular junction is acetylcholine a neural circuit with input traveling along several pathways for integrating by several CNS systems and providing several response is a parallel processing circuit which irregular rhythmic brain waves are observed when you are awake and alert beta REM sleep is associated with temporary skeletal muscle paralysis, except for the extrinsic eye muscles the process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called association which part of the nervous system controls survival emotions and behavior the limbic system which is true about functional MRI (fMRI) it detects oxygen use by determining the ratio of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin in contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system has two efferent neurons the site of origin of the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is the brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord We have an expert-written solution to this problem! all preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release ... which provides vasomotor tone sympathetic nervous system feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except pacinian corpuscles which type of receptors fire at a constant rate when stimulus is present and stop when stimulus is removed tonic which skin receptors detect pain nociceptors when a skins area's two-point threshold is large, that skin has low sensory acuity which kind of papilla does not contain taste buds filiform sweet tastes are converted to nerve impulses by a G protein gustaducin transducing sensation which stimulates inspiration pons apneustric center odor signnals are processed and sent to the olfactory cortex by mitral cells you would expect ____ to be stimulated as you take an elevator up. These extend from the vestibule into the ____. saccular, cochlea which is NOT connected by the helicotrema scala media which of these ions is actively transported through the plasma membrane to help establish the resting potential na+ the intensity of sound is called ___ and it is measured in ____. amplitude, decibles (dB) the blind spot of the eye is where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves ganglion cells presbyopia is NOT the unequal curvature of refracting surfaces the sum of visual input from ___cone(s) stimulates ____ ganglion cells. this results in ____ vision. one, one, distinct nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasma ligand gated channels produce graded potentials in autocrine signaling the same cell is stimulated which is the most accurate description of how action potentials work ligand gated ion channels open --> voltage gated sodium channels open --> voltage gated potassium channels open --> voltage gated sodium channels which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messagers lying may invoke the sympathetic NS. Its effects cause pupil ___ as mediated by ___ receptors. dilation, a1 and b2 which neuron releases norepinephrine? sympathetic post ganglionic the ability of of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on the presence of the appropriate receptors on the target tissue or organ cells We have an expert-written solution to this problem! regulating hormones from the hypothalamus first enter into the hypophyseal portal system gonadoncoritcoids produced by the adrenal glands are insignificant compared with sex hormone released from the gonads during late puberty which is associated with dietary iodine deficiency? goiter in a strict sense, the posterior pituitary is not an endocrine gland because it does not make hormones in rod phototransduction, an incoming photon results in the "bleaching" of rhodopsin and the cessation of neurotransmitter release neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are astrocytes We have an expert-written solution to this problem! in what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (non-conducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is negatively charged and contains less sodium in a neuron reacting to stimulus, the change in membrane permeability and membrane potential that occurs is called an action potential what is saltatory conduction in a neuron? is it fast or slow? saltatory conductions describe how an action potential jumps node to node in a myelinated fiber. It is fast. exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is dependent upon increased intracellular calcium when a postsynaptic neuron receives repeated stimuli in a short time, this causes temporal summation an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muslce is acetylecholine We have an expert-written solution to this problem! if one incoming impulse causes several outgoing nerve impluses, we know that there is a diverging circuit brain wave amplitude reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously which describes sleep occuring when you first fall asleep eyes are closed and relaxation begins; the EEG shows normal alpha waves, easily aroused which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory medulla oblongata inhibition of the reticular activating system results in sleep which releases hormones to control the endocrine system hypothalamus sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine alpha1 receptors respond to ____ and ____ smooth muslces of various blood vessels including those of the kidneys norepinephrine, constrict for a male to complete the sexual act, ___ of the autonomic nervous system is/are necessary both the sympathetic and parasympathetic which is NOT detected by a mechanoreceptor type? taste which type of receptors fire quickly when first stimulated but then slow their firing to adapt to the stimulus? phasic which skin receptors detect deep pressure pacinian corpuscles T/F: lateral inhibition makes sensory perception more "sharp" and works ONLY in cutaneous sensation false which taste sensation detects hearty flavors and is elicited by the amino acid glutamate unami T/F: over 1,000 "small" genes have been identified for detecting different odorants. Each "odor" you smell stimulates only one of the binding chemicals coded by these genes false which directly experiences both increases and decreases in pressure as the stapes presses on the oval window? scala vestibuli the perception of different sound frequencies is called pitch light passes through the following structures in which order cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor what is the main function of the rods in the eye vision in dim light normal vision is called emmetropia photoreceptors package visual pigment in membrane-bound discs, increasing the efficiency of light trapping during dark adaptation rhodopsin accumulates in the rods steroid hormones exert their action by entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering gene expression in circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increasd levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. this is known as up-regulation which of these hormones is transported bound to a transport protein estrogen when two hormones work together in an additive manner to stimulate one target cell, this is called a(n) synergistic effect which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus enzyme which is NOT a tropic hormone? estrogen the parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. this is accomplished by activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released from the bone We have an expert-written solution to this problem! insulin, a small (51-amino acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. this hormone is released when the body's glucose levels rise a man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and for this reason, he may be unable to father a child. choose the correct statement to explain this problem FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes which disease is associated with a hypersecretion of glucocoricoids and symptoms include a "buffalo hump" and a swollen "moon face" cushing syndrome the neuroglia forming the myelin sheath around neuron fibers in the CNS are oligodendrocytes membrane repolarization means the inside of the cell becomes more negative the resting membrane potential is largely preserved by the pumping of K into and Na out of the cell by the Na K pump extracellular fluid contains up to 10,000 times more calcium than intracellular fluid and yet all the cells continue to pump out even more calcium. they could only do this by means of active transport in a resting neuron the membrane potential is approximately (-70mv) with electrical synapses, a signal is sent from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron by gap junctions an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with hyperpolarization what is the function of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction it diffuses across the synapse, binding membrane receptors, stimulating an action potential in the myofiber if one incoming impulse causes several outgoing nerve impulses, we know that there is a diverging circuit when most dreaming takes place, your sleep is characterized by temporary skeletal muscle paralysis, except for extrinsic eye movements the brain area controlling wakefulness or alertness is the reticular formation which structure regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball iris which characterize the fourth stage of sleep delta waves, skeletal muscles are relaxed and arousal is difficult which is NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system skeletal muscle sympathetic responses are generally widespread because preganglionic fibers are long nicotinic cholinergic receptors respond to ___ and are found on ____ acetylcholine, postganglionic dentrites which provides the ultimate control for the sympathetic nervous system hypothalamus which receptors adapt most slowly nociceptors which skin receptors detect texture and vibration meissner's corpuscles how does a gustatory cell respond to sour tastes hydrogen ions block the potassium channels, depolarizing the membrane salty tastes are converted to nerve impulses by na+ influx into detecting cells the second messenger used for detecting the presence of an odorant molecule is cAMP information from balance receptors goes directly to the brain stem reflex center auditory hair cells are embedded in which membrane basilar loud high pitched sounds bend the organ of corti hair cells in the portion of the organ of corti near the oval window the sum of the visual input from ___ rods stimulates ___ ganglion cells. this results in ____ vision many, one, indistinct in paracrine signaling between cells the molecular signal diffuses to a nearby cell which flavor is detected by using second messengers in gustatory hair cell membranes? sweet which type of sensory receptor would be found in your choclea, which detects sound (air pressure) mechanoreceptor insulin is made in response to elevated blood glucose. This is ___ stimulation humoral which disease is caused by hypothyroidism during the last trimester of pregnancy or the first six months of birth? it cases severe mental retardation cretinism sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentration causes a phenomenon known as down regulation T/F: in general, unmyelinated small diameter neuron fibers transmit information faster than larger myelinated fibers false which is the correct statement about synapses the release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled when a postsynaptic neuron receives stimuli from several presynaptic neurons, this is called temporal summation a neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a small number of neurons is called converging circuit which brain waves are not normal for adults but common for children theta fact memory is the ability to learn specific information which controls the autonomic nervous system hypothalamus preparing for the "fight or flight" response is the role of sympathetic nervous system autonomic ganglia contain cell bodies of postganglionic neurons which taste sensations detects alkaloids like quinine and nicotine bitter choose the most accurate statement about sound a ten-decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in sound intensity the optic radiations project from the ___ to the ____ thalamus, primary visual cortx when two hormones are required to activate one target cell, this is called permissive effect T/F: the nervous system can override normal endocrine controls true which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of blood calcium levels T/F: there are little rocks (limestone or caCo3) in our ears true which neurotransmitter would you expect to cause hyperpolarization GABA the part of a neuron that normally receives stimuli is called dendrites indirect-acting neurotransmitters act through second messengers and promote long lasting effects and slow response cellular receptors on muscle and nerve cells control the opening and closing of ion channels fact memory is NOT stored in the pons which kind of neural imaging can also be used as therapy to treat depression rTMS which is regulated by only sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system arrector pili muscles or smooth muscles and blood vessels which is true about the spinothalamic tract it is afferent; its neurons synapse in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord bitter tastes are converted to nerve impulses by close k+ directly, depolarize and therefore, ca2+ increases an essential component of the macula involved in static equilibrium is the otoliths the receptor for static equilibrium is the maculae which does NOT experience both increase and decrease in pressure as you hear vitreous humor which of the following could not be seen as one looks into an eye with an ophthamaloscope optic chiasma there are three layers of neurons in the retina. which cells detect bright light and are used for highlyacuity color vision cone cells which is not a driving force that moves molecules across cell membranes glucagon which sense perception does NOT involve the thalamus smell which neuron does NOT release acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter sympathetic postganglionic when an excitatory stimulus affects a resting neuron, ligand gated channels open allowing the membrane to depolarize which is regulated by only the sympathetic autonomic nervous system smooth muscles and blood vessles the ciliary body does not belong to the anterior chamber of the eye a form of farsightedness associated with aging is called presbyopia which is NOT true about voltage gated sodium channels ions will diffuse to the area of higher ion concentration through the channels what is the function of all second messengers to transmit information received from out the cell into the cell cytoplasm or nucleus a second action potential may be generated with a large stimulus during the ___ refractory period relative an autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid glands occurs when antibodies work like TSH to stimulate the gland to cause a high BMR and weight loss. Exophthalmos is a sign of this disease which is called graves disease which steroid hormone can induce gluconeogenesis in the liver cortisol the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential membrane hyperpolarization ____ is the fasting hormone, ____ is the fed hormone glucose, insulin which cell type makes insulin in the pancreas beta cells a second nerve impulse cannot be generated until the membrane potential has been reestablished aldosterone is made by the adrenal cortex a neural circuit with input traveling along several pathways for integration by several CNS systems and providing several responses is a parallel processing circuit hair cells of the organ of corti detect pressure changes in the scala tympani which disease is associated with hypersecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids? addison's disease storing information in long term memory is facilitated by excitement