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2024_OCR: A Level Classical Civilisation H408/34 Democracy and the Athenians (Merged Question Paper & Marking Scheme)
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2024_OCR: A Level Classical Civilisation H408/34 Democracy and the Athenians (Merged Question Paper & Marking Scheme) Key Areas to Revise: 1. The Origins of Athenian Democracy o Early Greek Political Systems: Study the political systems that prece...

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  • March 4, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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2024_OCR: A Level Classical Civilisation H408/34 Democracy and the Athenians
(Merged Question Paper & Marking Scheme)

Key Areas to Revise:

1. The Origins of Athenian Democracy
o Early Greek Political Systems: Study the political systems that preceded Athenian
democracy, including monarchy, aristocracy, and oligarchy, and how Athens transitioned
toward democracy.
o Reforms of Solon: Explore the reforms introduced by Solon in the early 6th century BCE,
including the abolition of debt slavery and the creation of a more inclusive legal system.
2. Key Features of Athenian Democracy
o The Assembly (Ekklesia): Examine the role of the Assembly, where citizens gathered to
discuss and vote on important matters, such as laws, war, and foreign policy. Explore its
decision-making powers and the participation of male citizens.
o The Council of 500: Investigate the function of the Council of 500 in preparing matters
for discussion in the Assembly, its democratic selection process, and the rotation of
members.
3. Citizenship and Political Rights
o Definition of Citizenship: Study the criteria for Athenian citizenship, including the
requirement that both parents be Athenian citizens and the exclusion of women, slaves,
and foreigners from political life.
4. The Functioning of the Athenian Democracy
o The Role of Leadership: Study how key political figures like Pericles influenced the
development of Athenian democracy and the role of individual leaders in guiding the
democratic process.
5. The Role of Rhetoric in Athenian Democracy
o The Power of Speech: Investigate the importance of rhetoric in Athenian politics, where
skilled speakers like Pericles and Demosthenes could sway the decisions of the Assembly
through persuasive speech.
6. Athenian Democracy and the Military
o Military Service as Civic Duty: Learn about the connection between military service and
political participation, where soldiers were often the same citizens who voted and held
office, particularly in times of war like the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.
7. Social Inequality in Athenian Democracy
o Limitations of Democracy: Investigate the limitations of Athenian democracy, including
the exclusion of women, slaves, and metics from political life, and how this created a
system that was democratic for some, but not all.
o .
8. The Decline of Athenian Democracy
o The Peloponnesian War: Study how the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) contributed
to the weakening of Athenian democracy, including the destabilization of political
institutions, internal divisions, and the eventual defeat of Athens.

, Oxford Cambridge and RSA


Monday 3 June 2024 – Morning
A Level Classical Civilisation
H408/34 Democracy and the Athenians
Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
*1341998897*




You must have:
• the OCR 12-page Answer Booklet




INSTRUCTIONS
• Use black ink.
• Write your answer to each question in the Answer Booklet. The question numbers must
be clearly shown.
• Fill in the boxes on the front of the Answer Booklet.
• Answer all the questions in Section A and one question in Section B.

INFORMATION
• The total mark for this paper is 75.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ].
• Quality of extended response will be assessed in questions marked with an asterisk (*).
• This document has 4 pages.

ADVICE
• Read each question carefully before you start your answer.




© OCR 2024 [603/0726/2] OCR is an exempt Charity
DC (ST) 339668/3 Turn over

, 2

Section A

Start your answer to each 10, 20 and 30 mark question on a new page.

Source A
Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War 2.65.5–9

During peacetime, he had ruled moderately and steadfastly. Athens had been safe
under his leadership, and had indeed reached the very height of her greatness. When
the war began, he also demonstrated that he had made an accurate estimate of Athens’
power under these circumstances. He outlived the outbreak of war by two years and
six months, and after his death, his foresight was appreciated even more than when 5
he was alive. He had told the Athenians to be patient and take care of their navy, not to
attempt to enlarge their empire during the war, and not to put the city in danger; if they
did all of this, they would be victorious. In fact, they did everything he told them not to
do, adopting policies with disastrous effects for themselves and their allies in matters
seemingly unrelated to the war, motivated by personal ambition and self-interest. 10
Had this been successful, it would have brought honour and profit only to individuals,
and if unsuccessful, it would have sabotaged the city’s war effort.
The reason for this was not difficult to find. Pericles derived his authority from his high
reputation and intelligence, while he was also clearly incorruptible. Therefore he was
able to control the people freely: to lead, rather than be led by them. Since he did 15
not seek power by dishonest means, he did not need to flatter them; because of the
strength of his own worthy character, he could go so far as to oppose and even to
anger the people. When he saw them unsuitably over-confident and arrogant, his words
would strike fear into them; when they were needlessly fearful, he would build up their
confidence again. Thus Athens, although a democracy in name, was in fact ruled by its 20
first citizen.



1
(a) ‘He had ruled’ (line 1). ‘He’ refers to Pericles. What official post did Pericles hold in Athens for
most of the 10 years before his death? [1]

(b) State one way in which this post was different from the other posts which Athenian citizens could
hold. [1]


2 ‘After his death’ (line 5). What caused Pericles’ death? [1]


3 Explain what impression Thucydides creates of Pericles’ character and his influence in Athens in
the late 5th century BC in Source A. [10]




© OCR 2024 H408/34 Jun24

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