1. AQA GCSE Biology: Cell Biology
Eukaryotic cells - ANS -Plant and animal cells
What characterises eukaryotic cells? (3) - ANS -Cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic
material enclosed in a nucleus
Prokaryotic cells - ANS -Bacterial cells
What characterises prokaryotic cells? (4) - ANS -1. much smaller in comparison
2. have a cytoplasm and cell membrane surrounded by cell wall
3. genetic material is a single DNA loop not enclosed in a nucleus
4. may be 1 or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
Millimetre - ANS -mm, thousandth of a metre, 10^-3m
Micrometre - ANS -μm, millionth of a metre, 10^-6m
Nanometre - ANS -nm, billionth of a metre, 10^-9m
Nucleus - ANS -Contains genetic information and controls cell's activities
Cell membrane - ANS -Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell e.g. glucose
and ions
Cytoplasm - ANS -Where most chemical reactions take place
Ribosomes - ANS -Where protein synthesis takes place
Mitochondria - ANS -Where aerobic respiration takes place
Chloroplasts - ANS -Where photosynthesis occurs because contain chlorophyll (in plant cells)
Plasmids - ANS -Small rings of DNA which code for very specific features such as antibiotic
resistance (in bacterial cells)
Most animal cells have... (5) - ANS -1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
4. Mitochondria
, 5. Ribosomes
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have... - ANS -1. Chloroplasts
2. Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
Plant and algal cells also have... - ANS -...a cell wall made of cellulose which strengthens the
cell
Equipment for microscopy practical (6) - ANS -1. Microscope
2. Onion
3. Scalpel
4. Forceps
5. Slide and cover slip
6. Iodine
What must you remember when you are drawing cells from a microscope? (2) - ANS -1. Draw
in neat pencil lines
2. Note down what magnification you are using
Microscopy practical - ANS -1. Cut a thin sample of onion with the scalpel and place it on the
slide
2. Add a few drops of iodine
3. Carefully place a cover slip on top, avoiding air bubbles
4. Place the slide onto the stage
5. Select the lowest-powered objective lens
6. Use the coarse adjustment (/focus?) and then fine adjustment knob to focus your image
7. If necessary, select a higher-powered objective lens and refocus
How are sperm cells adapted for their function? (5) - ANS -1. Function: to swim to and fertilise
an egg cell
2. Lots of mitochondria in middle section provide energy to tail
3. Tail is long and contains muscle-like proteins for swimming
4. Acrosome (head) stores digestive enzyme for breaking down outer layers of egg
5. Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
How are nerve cells adapted for their function? (4) - ANS -1. Function: to transmit messages
from one part of the body to another
2. Axon is very long so easier to communicate over further distances
3. Dendrites (branched endings) allow connections with many other neurones
4. Nerve endings contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy to make transmitter chemicals
How are muscle cells adapted for their function? (4) - ANS -1. Function: to generate movement
2. Contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed
3. Can store glycogen which can be used in respiration to transfer the energy needed
Eukaryotic cells - ANS -Plant and animal cells
What characterises eukaryotic cells? (3) - ANS -Cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic
material enclosed in a nucleus
Prokaryotic cells - ANS -Bacterial cells
What characterises prokaryotic cells? (4) - ANS -1. much smaller in comparison
2. have a cytoplasm and cell membrane surrounded by cell wall
3. genetic material is a single DNA loop not enclosed in a nucleus
4. may be 1 or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
Millimetre - ANS -mm, thousandth of a metre, 10^-3m
Micrometre - ANS -μm, millionth of a metre, 10^-6m
Nanometre - ANS -nm, billionth of a metre, 10^-9m
Nucleus - ANS -Contains genetic information and controls cell's activities
Cell membrane - ANS -Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell e.g. glucose
and ions
Cytoplasm - ANS -Where most chemical reactions take place
Ribosomes - ANS -Where protein synthesis takes place
Mitochondria - ANS -Where aerobic respiration takes place
Chloroplasts - ANS -Where photosynthesis occurs because contain chlorophyll (in plant cells)
Plasmids - ANS -Small rings of DNA which code for very specific features such as antibiotic
resistance (in bacterial cells)
Most animal cells have... (5) - ANS -1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
4. Mitochondria
, 5. Ribosomes
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have... - ANS -1. Chloroplasts
2. Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
Plant and algal cells also have... - ANS -...a cell wall made of cellulose which strengthens the
cell
Equipment for microscopy practical (6) - ANS -1. Microscope
2. Onion
3. Scalpel
4. Forceps
5. Slide and cover slip
6. Iodine
What must you remember when you are drawing cells from a microscope? (2) - ANS -1. Draw
in neat pencil lines
2. Note down what magnification you are using
Microscopy practical - ANS -1. Cut a thin sample of onion with the scalpel and place it on the
slide
2. Add a few drops of iodine
3. Carefully place a cover slip on top, avoiding air bubbles
4. Place the slide onto the stage
5. Select the lowest-powered objective lens
6. Use the coarse adjustment (/focus?) and then fine adjustment knob to focus your image
7. If necessary, select a higher-powered objective lens and refocus
How are sperm cells adapted for their function? (5) - ANS -1. Function: to swim to and fertilise
an egg cell
2. Lots of mitochondria in middle section provide energy to tail
3. Tail is long and contains muscle-like proteins for swimming
4. Acrosome (head) stores digestive enzyme for breaking down outer layers of egg
5. Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
How are nerve cells adapted for their function? (4) - ANS -1. Function: to transmit messages
from one part of the body to another
2. Axon is very long so easier to communicate over further distances
3. Dendrites (branched endings) allow connections with many other neurones
4. Nerve endings contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy to make transmitter chemicals
How are muscle cells adapted for their function? (4) - ANS -1. Function: to generate movement
2. Contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed
3. Can store glycogen which can be used in respiration to transfer the energy needed
