PGDL Public Law 2024/2025 Exam
Questions and Detailed Answers | Get it
100% Correct Answers
What is English Law derived from? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Primary legislation
Legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The laws passed by Parliament
Primary Legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Acts of Parliament
Statute - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Law
Secondary Legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Laws made under primary legislation
Statutory Instruments - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Regulations, rules and orders passed by
ministers
By-Laws - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Local laws under the Local Government Act 1972
Orders in Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Laws made by the Privy Council
Who's role is it to interpret and enforce legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The courts
The Literal Rule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Words should be given their plain, ordinary,
natural meeting
Page 1 of 15
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, The Golden Rule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The literal rule should be followed unless it
produces an absurd or inconsistent result or a result that would be an affront to
public policy
The Mischief Rule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Interpreting legislation in light of the law that
existed before that legislation
Purposive approach - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Interpreting the legislation so as to give
effect to its purpose
Ejusdem Generis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Of the same type
Noscitur a sociis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Known by the company it keeps
Expression unius est exclusio alterius - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔To express one thing is to
exclude other things
Presumption against alteration of the common law - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Parliament
can expressly alter the common law, but the courts should not imply an
intention to change the existing law
Presumption against retrospective operation of statute - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Parliament can expressly state that an Act comes into force on an earlier
date, but if not the courts should presume that statutes do not operate
retrospectively
Page 2 of 15
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions and Detailed Answers | Get it
100% Correct Answers
What is English Law derived from? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Primary legislation
Legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The laws passed by Parliament
Primary Legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Acts of Parliament
Statute - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Law
Secondary Legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Laws made under primary legislation
Statutory Instruments - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Regulations, rules and orders passed by
ministers
By-Laws - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Local laws under the Local Government Act 1972
Orders in Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Laws made by the Privy Council
Who's role is it to interpret and enforce legislation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The courts
The Literal Rule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Words should be given their plain, ordinary,
natural meeting
Page 1 of 15
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, The Golden Rule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The literal rule should be followed unless it
produces an absurd or inconsistent result or a result that would be an affront to
public policy
The Mischief Rule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Interpreting legislation in light of the law that
existed before that legislation
Purposive approach - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Interpreting the legislation so as to give
effect to its purpose
Ejusdem Generis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Of the same type
Noscitur a sociis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Known by the company it keeps
Expression unius est exclusio alterius - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔To express one thing is to
exclude other things
Presumption against alteration of the common law - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Parliament
can expressly alter the common law, but the courts should not imply an
intention to change the existing law
Presumption against retrospective operation of statute - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Parliament can expressly state that an Act comes into force on an earlier
date, but if not the courts should presume that statutes do not operate
retrospectively
Page 2 of 15
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
