Epidemiology 2024/2025 Exam
Questions with Detailed Verified
Answers (100% Correct Answers) |
Already Graded A+
What is a cause? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔an event, condition, or characteristic w/o
which the disease would not have been acheived
What are the three criteria for cause? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Must precede the effect
(outcome)
2. Can be either positive OR negative
3. One or multiple causal factors
What 3 clinical tasks does CAUSE help clinicians to guide their approach? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
What is the aim of descriptive epidemiology? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔to describe those
factors of the agent, host, and environment that can CAUSE occurrence of
disease
Page 1 of 55
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,T/F - Often the relationship between agent factors, environmental influences,
and host factors is interactive - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔true
What are agent factors? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔infectious agents vary in their ability to
infect animals and produce disease
What agent factors impact upon disease occurrence? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Infection
pathogenic
virulence
What is infection? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔ability of the agent to establish itself in a host
What is pathogenic? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the ability of the agent to produce disease
in a host
What is virulence? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the measure of severity of disease due to
agent
What are environmental influences? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Temperature and humidity
Management factors
Nutritional factors
What are host factors? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Host susceptibility
Page 2 of 55
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,Natural variation affects host response upon exposure. Some animals have
innate resistance to infection or disease due to age, sex, breed. The triggering
response may be a compromised immune system caused by stress
What is Herd immunity? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔resistance to disease in POPULATIONS
Populations differ in susceptibility
What did Alfred Evans come up with in 1976? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔8 criteria for
defining the concepts of causality that applies to both infectious and non-
infectious disease
What is Evan's criteria? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Strength of the association
2. Temporal relationship
3. Dose-response relationship
4. Biological plausibility
5. Consistency
6. Elimination
7. Reversible associations
8. Strength of study designs
Page 3 of 55
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619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What is the strength of the association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the stronger the
association between presumed causal factor and disease or outcome, the more
likely a cause and effect relationship exist
What are types of association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔non-statistical (chance)
Statistical
Risk factors
What is non-statistical association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔in cases that occur by
CHANCE, the relationship cannot be inferred as causal
What is statistical association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔indicates whether or not there is
a statistically significant relationship between the proposed causal factor
(Independent variable) and the disease (Dependent variable)
According to statisticians, what is the most optimal way to report and interpret
the results of research studies? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Confidence intervals
What confidence level is usually selected? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔95% or 99%
T/F - the larger the sample size, the "less confident" - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔false -
MORE confident
What are risk factors (causal or non-causal)? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔these can cause or
increase the likelihood of disease occurrence
Page 4 of 55
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions with Detailed Verified
Answers (100% Correct Answers) |
Already Graded A+
What is a cause? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔an event, condition, or characteristic w/o
which the disease would not have been acheived
What are the three criteria for cause? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Must precede the effect
(outcome)
2. Can be either positive OR negative
3. One or multiple causal factors
What 3 clinical tasks does CAUSE help clinicians to guide their approach? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
What is the aim of descriptive epidemiology? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔to describe those
factors of the agent, host, and environment that can CAUSE occurrence of
disease
Page 1 of 55
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,T/F - Often the relationship between agent factors, environmental influences,
and host factors is interactive - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔true
What are agent factors? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔infectious agents vary in their ability to
infect animals and produce disease
What agent factors impact upon disease occurrence? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Infection
pathogenic
virulence
What is infection? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔ability of the agent to establish itself in a host
What is pathogenic? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the ability of the agent to produce disease
in a host
What is virulence? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the measure of severity of disease due to
agent
What are environmental influences? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Temperature and humidity
Management factors
Nutritional factors
What are host factors? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Host susceptibility
Page 2 of 55
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Natural variation affects host response upon exposure. Some animals have
innate resistance to infection or disease due to age, sex, breed. The triggering
response may be a compromised immune system caused by stress
What is Herd immunity? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔resistance to disease in POPULATIONS
Populations differ in susceptibility
What did Alfred Evans come up with in 1976? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔8 criteria for
defining the concepts of causality that applies to both infectious and non-
infectious disease
What is Evan's criteria? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Strength of the association
2. Temporal relationship
3. Dose-response relationship
4. Biological plausibility
5. Consistency
6. Elimination
7. Reversible associations
8. Strength of study designs
Page 3 of 55
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What is the strength of the association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the stronger the
association between presumed causal factor and disease or outcome, the more
likely a cause and effect relationship exist
What are types of association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔non-statistical (chance)
Statistical
Risk factors
What is non-statistical association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔in cases that occur by
CHANCE, the relationship cannot be inferred as causal
What is statistical association? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔indicates whether or not there is
a statistically significant relationship between the proposed causal factor
(Independent variable) and the disease (Dependent variable)
According to statisticians, what is the most optimal way to report and interpret
the results of research studies? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Confidence intervals
What confidence level is usually selected? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔95% or 99%
T/F - the larger the sample size, the "less confident" - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔false -
MORE confident
What are risk factors (causal or non-causal)? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔these can cause or
increase the likelihood of disease occurrence
Page 4 of 55
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
