MDC 2 EXAM 1
1. Benign cells: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
time
2. Benign Cell Features:
o Harmles
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growingo Tight
Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-
cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated
functions
Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
3. Benign cell looks similar to a: healthy
cell
4. Examples of Benign cells: o Skin Tag o
Mole o Nasal Polyp o Uterine Fibroids o
Endometriosis
5. Malignant cells: indicates cancer and can be harmful to
normal body tissues and result in death
6. Malignant cell features:
o Large nucleus o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell divisiono Loss of cellular
regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
7. Seven warning signs of cancer:
o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
,o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
8. Cancer development stages of malignancy: o Initiation o Promotion o
Progression o Metastasis
9. Initiation (Stage of malignancy): Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
10. Promotion: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
11. Progression: Increase in production of malignant cells
12. Metastasis: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
13. Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis: cancer development
Cancer classification:
o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
15. Grading: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation
of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No mutation o 4= Severe mutation
16. Ploidy: Number of chromosomes
17. Staging: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread 1
18. . TNM: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional
lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is
metastasis)
19. Doubling time and mitotic index: Period of time required for that quantity
to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows) o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
20. Cancer prevention primary: o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemopreventiono Vaccine (HPV)
21. Cancer prevention secondary: o Mammogram o Pap smear
o Prostate test
22. Cancer prevention tertiary: People who are already affected
and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
o Radiationo Surgery, etc.
23. Types of cancers: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
blastoma
24. Carcinoma: malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
25. Sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
26. Melanoma: pigment producing skin cancer
27. Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
28. Leukemia: white blood cell tumor
29. Blastoma: malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
30. Lab Diagnostic Tests: o CBC
o Blood protein testing o
Tumor marker test o
Circulation tumor cell tests
31. Imaging Diagnostic Tests: o CT
Scans o MRI o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
32. Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests: o
Bronchoscopy o Colonoscopy o Cystoscopy o
Laparoscopy o Laryngoscopy o
Mediastinoscopy o Thoracoscopy o Upper
Endoscopy
33. Biopsy Diagnostic Tests: o Breast biopsy o
Bone marrow biopsy o Organ/tissue specific
34. Risk factors: o Older age.
o A personal or family history of cancer.o Using tobacco. o Obesity. o
Alcohol. o Some types of viral infections(HPV) o Specific chemicals. o
Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
o Alcohol
35. Types of therapy: surgery,
radiation,
chemotherapy,
radiation therapy,
1. Benign cells: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
time
2. Benign Cell Features:
o Harmles
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growingo Tight
Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-
cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated
functions
Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
3. Benign cell looks similar to a: healthy
cell
4. Examples of Benign cells: o Skin Tag o
Mole o Nasal Polyp o Uterine Fibroids o
Endometriosis
5. Malignant cells: indicates cancer and can be harmful to
normal body tissues and result in death
6. Malignant cell features:
o Large nucleus o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell divisiono Loss of cellular
regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
7. Seven warning signs of cancer:
o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
,o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
8. Cancer development stages of malignancy: o Initiation o Promotion o
Progression o Metastasis
9. Initiation (Stage of malignancy): Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
10. Promotion: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
11. Progression: Increase in production of malignant cells
12. Metastasis: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
13. Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis: cancer development
Cancer classification:
o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
15. Grading: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation
of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No mutation o 4= Severe mutation
16. Ploidy: Number of chromosomes
17. Staging: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread 1
18. . TNM: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional
lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is
metastasis)
19. Doubling time and mitotic index: Period of time required for that quantity
to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows) o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
20. Cancer prevention primary: o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemopreventiono Vaccine (HPV)
21. Cancer prevention secondary: o Mammogram o Pap smear
o Prostate test
22. Cancer prevention tertiary: People who are already affected
and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
o Radiationo Surgery, etc.
23. Types of cancers: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
blastoma
24. Carcinoma: malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
25. Sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
26. Melanoma: pigment producing skin cancer
27. Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
28. Leukemia: white blood cell tumor
29. Blastoma: malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
30. Lab Diagnostic Tests: o CBC
o Blood protein testing o
Tumor marker test o
Circulation tumor cell tests
31. Imaging Diagnostic Tests: o CT
Scans o MRI o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
32. Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests: o
Bronchoscopy o Colonoscopy o Cystoscopy o
Laparoscopy o Laryngoscopy o
Mediastinoscopy o Thoracoscopy o Upper
Endoscopy
33. Biopsy Diagnostic Tests: o Breast biopsy o
Bone marrow biopsy o Organ/tissue specific
34. Risk factors: o Older age.
o A personal or family history of cancer.o Using tobacco. o Obesity. o
Alcohol. o Some types of viral infections(HPV) o Specific chemicals. o
Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
o Alcohol
35. Types of therapy: surgery,
radiation,
chemotherapy,
radiation therapy,
