TEST BANK COMPLETE_
DIPIRO'S PHARMACOTHERAPY: A PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC APPROACH 12TH EDITION| TWELFTH EDITION,
(2023)
BY JOSEPH T. DIPIRO, GARY C. YEE, STUART T. HAINES, THOMAS D. NOLIN, VICKI
ELLINGROD AND L. MICHAEL POSEY
ALL CHAPTERS 1-167| 20 UNITS| LATEST VERSION WITH DETAILED/RATIONALE ANSWERS| VERIFIED| GRADE A+
From: [bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,Section 1: foundation issues -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Written by: stuart t. Haines, l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------- 7
Chapter 1: the patient care process --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Chapter 2: health literacy and medication use ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15
Chapter 3: exploring cultural diversity and equity in healthcare ------------------------------------------------------------ 20
Chapter 4: medication safety --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Chapter 5: medication adherence --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Chapter 6: clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics -------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Chapter 7: clinical pharmacogenomics --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Chapter 8: clinical toxicology --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
Section 2: common health problems ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Written by: l. Michael posey, joseph t. Dipiro and vicki l. Ellingrod ------------------------------------------- 53
Chapter 9: fever -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Chapter 10: pain and headache ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59
Chapter 11: minor ophthalmic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 65
Chapter 12: minor otic disorders (cerumen impaction, otitis external) --------------------------------------------------- 71
Chapter 13: nonspecific respiratory tract symptoms (with cough) --------------------------------------------------------- 76
Chapter 14: allergic rhinitis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 82
Chapter 15: oral health and systemic conditions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
Chapter 16: oral hygiene and minor oral disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
Chapter 17: skin care and minor dermatologic conditions ------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
Chapter 18: travel health ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105
Chapter 19: contraception ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109
Section 3: special populations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
Written by: l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------------------------- 115
Chapter 20: pediatrics: general topics in pediatric pharmacotherapy --------------------------------------------------- 115
Chapter 21: pediatrics; oral nutrition and rehydration of infants and children --------------------------------------- 122
Chapter 22: pediatrics; neonatal critical care ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
Chapter 23: geriatrics: physiology of aging ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134
Chapter 24: geriatrics: medication use in older adults ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 140
Chapter 25: geriatrics: assessing health and delivering healthcare to older adults ---------------------------------- 146
Chapter 26: critical care; considerations in drug selection, dosing, monitoring, and safety ----------------------- 151
Chapter 27: critical care: pain, agitation, and delirium ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 157
Chapter 28: palliative and end-of-life care -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163
Section 4: cardiovascular disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169
Written by: stuart t. Haines --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169
Chapter 29: evaluation of cardiovascular function --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169
Chapter 30: hypertension ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 181
Chapter 31: acute hypertensive crisis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 188
Chapter 32: dyslipidemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 193
Chapter 33: stable ischemic heart disease -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199
Chapter 34: acute coronary syndromes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 205
Chapter 35: peripheral arterial disease ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 211
Chapter 36: chronic heart failure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 216
, Chapter 37: acute decompensated heart failure ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 222
Chapter 38: venous thromboembolism ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 228
Chapter 39: stroke --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234
Chapter 40: arrhythmias ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 238
Chapter 41: cardiopulmonary arrest ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 242
Chapter 42: shock syndromes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 248
Section 5: respiratory disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254
Written by: stuart t. Haines --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254
Chapter 43: evaluation of respiratory function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254
Chapter 44: asthma -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 258
Chapter 45: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 263
Chapter 46: pulmonary arterial hypertension ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 266
Chapter 47: cystic fibrosis------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270
Chapter 48: drug-induced pulmonary diseases -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 273
Section 6: gastrointestinal disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 278
Written by: joseph t. Dipiro--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 278
Chapter 49: evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 278
Chapter 50: gastroesophageal reflux disease ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 283
Chapter 51: peptic ulcer disease and related disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------- 287
Chapter 52: inflammatory bowel disease --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291
Chapter 53: nausea and vomiting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 295
Chapter 54: diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome ------------------------------------------------------ 300
Chapter 55: portal hypertension and cirrhosis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 307
Chapter 56: drug-induced liver disease ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312
Chapter 57: pancreatitis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 315
Chapter 58: viral hepatitis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 320
Chapter 59: celiac disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 325
Section 7: renal disorders--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329
Written by: thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329
Chapter 60: evaluation of kidney function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329
Chapter 61: acute kidney injury ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 334
Chapter 62: chronic kidney disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 339
Chapter 63: chronic kidney disease: management of secondary complications -------------------------------------- 343
Chapter 64: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 349
Chapter 65: drug-induced kidney disease --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 354
Chapter 66: glomerular diseases --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 359
Chapter 67: personalized pharmacotherapy for patients with chronic kidney disease ----------------------------- 364
Chapter 68: disorders of sodium and water homeostasis ------------------------------------------------------------------ 369
Chapter 69: disorders of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis ---------------------------------------------------------- 374
Chapter 70: disorders of potassium and magnesium homeostasis ------------------------------------------------------- 379
Chapter 71: acid–base disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 383
Section 8: neurological disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
Written by: vicki l. Ellingrod -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
Chapter 72: evaluation of neurological illness --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
, Chapter 73: alzheimer disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 395
Chapter 74: multiple sclerosis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400
Chapter 75: epilepsy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 405
Chapter 76: status epilepticus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 410
Chapter 77: acute management of the brain injury patient ---------------------------------------------------------------- 414
Chapter 78: parkinson disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 419
Chapter 79: pain management ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 424
Chapter 80: headache disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 428
Section 9: psychiatric disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 432
Written by: vicki l. Ellingrod -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 432
Chapter 81: evaluation of psychiatric disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 432
Chapter 82: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 436
Chapter 83: eating disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 441
Chapter 84: introduction to substance use disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 445
Chapter 85: substance use disorders i: opioids, cannabis, and stimulants --------------------------------------------- 450
Chapter 86: substance-related disorders ii: alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine ------------------------------------------- 456
Chapter 87: schizophrenia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 461
Chapter 88: depressive disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 467
Chapter 89: bipolar disorder -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 472
Chapter 90: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder ----------------------------- 476
Chapter 91: posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder -------------------------------------- 481
Chapter 92: sleep disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 486
Chapter 93: developmental disabilities ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 490
Section 10: endocrinologic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 494
Written by: stuart t. Haines --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 494
Chapter 94: diabetes mellitus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 494
Chapter 95: acute hyperglycemia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 501
Chapter 96: thyroid disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 507
Chapter 97: adrenal gland disorders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 512
Chapter 98: pituitary gland disorders--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 517
Section 11: gynecologic and obsetric disorders ----------------------------------------------------------- 522
Written by: vicki l. Ellingrod -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 522
Chapter 99: pregnancy and lactation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 522
Chapter 100: menstruation-related disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 526
Chapter 101: endometriosis--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 531
Chapter 102: menopausal hormone therapy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 536
Section 12: urological disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 542
Written by: l. Michael posey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 542
Chapter 103: erectile dysfunction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 542
Chapter 104: benign prostatic hyperplasia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 548
Chapter 105: urinary incontinence ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 553
Section 13: immunologic disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 558
Written by: gary c. Yee and thomas d. Nolin----------------------------------------------------------------------- 558
, Chapter 106: function and evaluation of the immune system ------------------------------------------------------------- 558
Chapter 107: systemic lupus erythematosus ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 565
Chapter 108: drug allergy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 570
Chapter 109: solid-organ transplantation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 574
Section 14: rheumatologic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 579
Written by: l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin --------------------------------------------------------------- 579
Chapter 110: osteoarthritis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 579
Chapter 111: rheumatoid arthritis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 584
Chapter 112: osteoporosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 589
Chapter 113: gout and hyperuricemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 594
Section 15: ophthalmic disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 598
Written by: l. Michael posey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 598
Chapter 114: glaucoma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 598
Chapter 115: age-related macular degeneration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 604
Chapter 116: drug-induced ophthalmic disorders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 610
Section 16: dermatologic disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616
Written by: l. Michael posey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616
Chapter 117: acne vulgaris ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616
Chapter 118: psoriasis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 621
Chapter 119: atopic dermatitis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 625
Chapter 120: alopecia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 631
Chapter 121: dermatologic drug reactions, contact dermatitis, and common skin conditions ------------------- 637
Section 17: hematologic disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 644
Written by: gary c. Yee --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 644
Chapter 122: anemias ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 644
Chapter 123: coagulation disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 651
Chapter 124: sickle cell disease ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 655
Chapter 125: drug-induced hematologic disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 660
Section 18: infectious diseases -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 665
Written by: joseph t. Dipiro--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 665
Chapter 126: laboratory tests to direct antimicrobial pharmacotherapy ----------------------------------------------- 665
Chapter 127: antimicrobial regimen selection --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 670
Chapter 128: central nervous system infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 676
Chapter 129: lower respiratory tract infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 680
Chapter 130: upper respiratory tract infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 685
Chapter 131: influenza---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 690
Chapter 132: coronavirus disease (covid-19) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 695
Chapter 133: skin and soft-tissue infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 700
Chapter 134: bacteremia and infective endocarditis ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 707
Chapter 135: tuberculosis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 713
Chapter 136: gastrointestinal infections and enterotoxigenic poisonings ---------------------------------------------- 718
Chapter 137: intra-abdominal infections ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 723
Chapter 138: parasitic diseases ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 728
, Chapter 139: urinary tract infections --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 733
Chapter 140: sexually transmitted infections ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 740
Chapter 141: bone and joint infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 750
Chapter 142: sepsis and septic shock --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 754
Chapter 143: superficial fungal infections --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 758
Chapter 144: invasive fungal infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 763
Chapter 145: infections in immunocompromised patients ----------------------------------------------------------------- 769
Chapter 146: antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 774
Chapter 147: vaccines and immunoglobulins ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 779
Chapter 148: human immunodeficiency virus infection --------------------------------------------------------------------- 785
Section 19: oncologic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 790
Written by: gary c. Yee --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 790
Chapter 149: cancer: the disease and treatment------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 790
Chapter 150: supportive care in cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 794
Chapter 151: breast cancer ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 800
Chapter 152: lung cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 805
Chapter 153: colorectal cancer ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 813
Chapter 154: prostate cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 819
Chapter 155: lymphomas ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 826
Chapter 156: ovarian cancer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 831
Chapter 157: acute leukemias ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 839
Chapter 158: chronic leukemias --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 845
Chapter 159: multiple myeloma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 850
Chapter 160: myelodysplastic syndromes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 854
Chapter 161: renal cell carcinoma ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 858
Chapter 162: melanoma ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 863
Chapter 163: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 867
Section 20: nutritional disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 874
Written by: thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 874
Chapter 164: assessment of nutrition status and nutrition requirements --------------------------------------------- 874
Chapter 165: parenteral nutrition ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 880
Chapter 166: enteral nutrition------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 888
Chapter 167: obesity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 892
,Section 1: foundation issues
Written by: stuart t. Haines, l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin
Chapter 1: the patient care process
Joseph t. Dipiro: dipiro’s pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach 12th edition, (2023) test bank
Multiple choice
1. Which step of the patient care process involves gathering information about a patient's
medical history and current health status?
A) plan
B) monitor
C) assess
D) implement
Ans: c)
The "assess" step involves gathering all necessary information about the patient,
including their medical history, current symptoms, lab results, and medication profile.
This data helps to formulate an accurate diagnosis and care plan.
2. In which step of the patient care process does the nurse implement interventions to
achieve desired health outcomes?
A) plan
B) implement
C) monitor
D) assess
Ans: b)
The "implement" phase is when the nurse and other healthcare providers take specific
actions to carry out the care plan, which includes administering medications, performing
procedures, and providing education to the patient.
3. What is the most critical activity during the 'monitor' step of the patient care process?
A) evaluating whether the patient’s condition is improving
B) reassessing the patient's financial status
C) discharging the patient from the hospital
D) reviewing the patient's diet preferences
Ans: a)
Monitoring the patient’s progress is essential to assess the effectiveness of the
interventions and modify the care plan if necessary. The nurse checks for side effects,
therapeutic responses, and any changes in the patient’s condition.
4. Which of the following best describes the role of the nurse in the "assess" step of the
patient care process?
A) nurses provide the final diagnosis of the patient's illness
,B) nurses collaborate with other healthcare providers to gather patient data
C) nurses implement medication protocols
D) nurses manage the patient's medical records
Ans: b)
Nurses play a key role in gathering and documenting patient information, working with
the healthcare team to assess the patient’s current status, including history, symptoms,
and medications.
5. Which of the following is an example of an intervention in the "implement" step for a
patient with hypertension?
A) review lab results to monitor potassium levels
B) start a medication regimen as prescribed for blood pressure control
C) educate the patient about proper nutrition for blood pressure control
D) reassess the patient's medication therapy after 2 weeks
Ans: b)
The "implement" step involves carrying out specific interventions, such as starting the
prescribed medication to manage hypertension, or assisting the patient with lifestyle
modifications.
6. Which of the following actions would be considered part of the "monitor" phase of the
patient care process for a patient on an anticoagulant?
A) administering the medication as prescribed
B) reassessing the patient's inr level regularly
C) educating the patient on diet restrictions
D) reviewing the patient’s medical history
Ans: b)
Monitoring involves checking the effectiveness of therapy and evaluating outcomes. For
an anticoagulant, the inr level is regularly monitored to ensure the patient is within a
therapeutic range.
7. During which phase of the patient care process is it most appropriate for a nurse to
provide education on the side effects of a prescribed medication?
A) monitor
B) implement
C) assess
D) plan
Ans: b)
The "implement" phase includes taking actions such as administering medications and
providing patient education. Educating the patient about side effects occurs during this
stage to ensure they understand the treatment plan.
,8. Which of the following is an example of a non-pharmacological intervention during
the "implement" step?
A) adjusting the patient's insulin dose
B) teaching a patient relaxation techniques for stress reduction
C) ordering laboratory tests for kidney function
D) monitoring the patient for adverse drug reactions
Ans: b)
Non-pharmacological interventions, such as relaxation techniques, are part of the
comprehensive care approach. They are often implemented alongside pharmacological
therapies to manage conditions like anxiety or hypertension.
9. What is the primary purpose of the "plan" step in the patient care process?
A) to define the patient's diagnoses
B) to create a specific care plan with goals and interventions
C) to review medications prescribed to the patient
D) to monitor the patient's progress over time
Ans: b)
The "plan" step involves formulating an individualized care plan that addresses the
patient's needs, setting clear goals for health outcomes, and determining appropriate
interventions.
10. In the hospital, which of the following would be an outcome of successful patient
care planning?
A) the patient’s discharge is delayed
B) the patient’s clinical goals are met, and they experience an improvement in health
C) the nurse follows all hospital policies and procedures without deviation
D) the patient has no contact with the nurse during their stay
Ans: b)
The goal of patient care planning is to achieve specific health outcomes. A successful
plan results in the improvement of the patient’s condition or the achievement of health
goals set during the planning phase.
11. A nurse is applying the patient care process in a hospital setting. Which of the
following is the first step in this process?
A) implementation
B) evaluation
C) assessment
D) planning
Ans: c)
, The patient care process begins with assessment. This step involves gathering
information about the patient’s medical history, current condition, and any relevant social
or cultural factors to create an individualized care plan.
12. During the planning phase of the patient care process, the nurse must establish which
of the following?
A) a set of nursing interventions
B) a complete discharge plan
C) patient goals and outcomes
D) medication administration schedule
Ans: c)
In the planning phase, the nurse collaborates with the patient and healthcare team to set
specific, measurable, and achievable goals. These goals guide the patient’s care and are
used to measure the success of interventions.
13. When conducting an assessment of a patient, which of the following information is
most critical to collect?
A) patient’s preferred dietary preferences
B) family members’ preferences
C) medical history, symptoms, and current medications
D) financial status
Ans: c)
The most critical information includes the patient’s medical history, current symptoms,
and medications. This information is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment
planning.
14. A nurse is evaluating a patient’s response to a medication regimen. Which step of the
patient care process does this action belong to?
A) assessment
B) implementation
C) evaluation
D) planning
Ans: c)
Evaluation is the process of assessing whether the goals of treatment have been met and
determining the effectiveness of interventions. The nurse monitors the patient’s response
to therapy and adjusts the plan as needed.
15. In which step of the patient care process does a nurse adjust the treatment plan based
on the assessment data?
A) assessment
B) planning
C) implementation
D) evaluation
DIPIRO'S PHARMACOTHERAPY: A PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC APPROACH 12TH EDITION| TWELFTH EDITION,
(2023)
BY JOSEPH T. DIPIRO, GARY C. YEE, STUART T. HAINES, THOMAS D. NOLIN, VICKI
ELLINGROD AND L. MICHAEL POSEY
ALL CHAPTERS 1-167| 20 UNITS| LATEST VERSION WITH DETAILED/RATIONALE ANSWERS| VERIFIED| GRADE A+
From: [bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,Section 1: foundation issues -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Written by: stuart t. Haines, l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------- 7
Chapter 1: the patient care process --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Chapter 2: health literacy and medication use ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15
Chapter 3: exploring cultural diversity and equity in healthcare ------------------------------------------------------------ 20
Chapter 4: medication safety --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Chapter 5: medication adherence --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Chapter 6: clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics -------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Chapter 7: clinical pharmacogenomics --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Chapter 8: clinical toxicology --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
Section 2: common health problems ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Written by: l. Michael posey, joseph t. Dipiro and vicki l. Ellingrod ------------------------------------------- 53
Chapter 9: fever -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Chapter 10: pain and headache ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59
Chapter 11: minor ophthalmic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 65
Chapter 12: minor otic disorders (cerumen impaction, otitis external) --------------------------------------------------- 71
Chapter 13: nonspecific respiratory tract symptoms (with cough) --------------------------------------------------------- 76
Chapter 14: allergic rhinitis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 82
Chapter 15: oral health and systemic conditions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
Chapter 16: oral hygiene and minor oral disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
Chapter 17: skin care and minor dermatologic conditions ------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
Chapter 18: travel health ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105
Chapter 19: contraception ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109
Section 3: special populations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
Written by: l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------------------------- 115
Chapter 20: pediatrics: general topics in pediatric pharmacotherapy --------------------------------------------------- 115
Chapter 21: pediatrics; oral nutrition and rehydration of infants and children --------------------------------------- 122
Chapter 22: pediatrics; neonatal critical care ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
Chapter 23: geriatrics: physiology of aging ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134
Chapter 24: geriatrics: medication use in older adults ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 140
Chapter 25: geriatrics: assessing health and delivering healthcare to older adults ---------------------------------- 146
Chapter 26: critical care; considerations in drug selection, dosing, monitoring, and safety ----------------------- 151
Chapter 27: critical care: pain, agitation, and delirium ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 157
Chapter 28: palliative and end-of-life care -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163
Section 4: cardiovascular disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169
Written by: stuart t. Haines --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169
Chapter 29: evaluation of cardiovascular function --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169
Chapter 30: hypertension ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 181
Chapter 31: acute hypertensive crisis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 188
Chapter 32: dyslipidemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 193
Chapter 33: stable ischemic heart disease -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199
Chapter 34: acute coronary syndromes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 205
Chapter 35: peripheral arterial disease ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 211
Chapter 36: chronic heart failure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 216
, Chapter 37: acute decompensated heart failure ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 222
Chapter 38: venous thromboembolism ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 228
Chapter 39: stroke --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234
Chapter 40: arrhythmias ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 238
Chapter 41: cardiopulmonary arrest ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 242
Chapter 42: shock syndromes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 248
Section 5: respiratory disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254
Written by: stuart t. Haines --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254
Chapter 43: evaluation of respiratory function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254
Chapter 44: asthma -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 258
Chapter 45: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 263
Chapter 46: pulmonary arterial hypertension ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 266
Chapter 47: cystic fibrosis------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270
Chapter 48: drug-induced pulmonary diseases -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 273
Section 6: gastrointestinal disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 278
Written by: joseph t. Dipiro--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 278
Chapter 49: evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 278
Chapter 50: gastroesophageal reflux disease ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 283
Chapter 51: peptic ulcer disease and related disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------- 287
Chapter 52: inflammatory bowel disease --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291
Chapter 53: nausea and vomiting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 295
Chapter 54: diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome ------------------------------------------------------ 300
Chapter 55: portal hypertension and cirrhosis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 307
Chapter 56: drug-induced liver disease ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 312
Chapter 57: pancreatitis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 315
Chapter 58: viral hepatitis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 320
Chapter 59: celiac disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 325
Section 7: renal disorders--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329
Written by: thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329
Chapter 60: evaluation of kidney function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329
Chapter 61: acute kidney injury ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 334
Chapter 62: chronic kidney disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 339
Chapter 63: chronic kidney disease: management of secondary complications -------------------------------------- 343
Chapter 64: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 349
Chapter 65: drug-induced kidney disease --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 354
Chapter 66: glomerular diseases --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 359
Chapter 67: personalized pharmacotherapy for patients with chronic kidney disease ----------------------------- 364
Chapter 68: disorders of sodium and water homeostasis ------------------------------------------------------------------ 369
Chapter 69: disorders of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis ---------------------------------------------------------- 374
Chapter 70: disorders of potassium and magnesium homeostasis ------------------------------------------------------- 379
Chapter 71: acid–base disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 383
Section 8: neurological disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
Written by: vicki l. Ellingrod -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
Chapter 72: evaluation of neurological illness --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
, Chapter 73: alzheimer disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 395
Chapter 74: multiple sclerosis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 400
Chapter 75: epilepsy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 405
Chapter 76: status epilepticus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 410
Chapter 77: acute management of the brain injury patient ---------------------------------------------------------------- 414
Chapter 78: parkinson disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 419
Chapter 79: pain management ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 424
Chapter 80: headache disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 428
Section 9: psychiatric disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 432
Written by: vicki l. Ellingrod -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 432
Chapter 81: evaluation of psychiatric disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 432
Chapter 82: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 436
Chapter 83: eating disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 441
Chapter 84: introduction to substance use disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 445
Chapter 85: substance use disorders i: opioids, cannabis, and stimulants --------------------------------------------- 450
Chapter 86: substance-related disorders ii: alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine ------------------------------------------- 456
Chapter 87: schizophrenia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 461
Chapter 88: depressive disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 467
Chapter 89: bipolar disorder -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 472
Chapter 90: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder ----------------------------- 476
Chapter 91: posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder -------------------------------------- 481
Chapter 92: sleep disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 486
Chapter 93: developmental disabilities ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 490
Section 10: endocrinologic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 494
Written by: stuart t. Haines --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 494
Chapter 94: diabetes mellitus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 494
Chapter 95: acute hyperglycemia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 501
Chapter 96: thyroid disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 507
Chapter 97: adrenal gland disorders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 512
Chapter 98: pituitary gland disorders--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 517
Section 11: gynecologic and obsetric disorders ----------------------------------------------------------- 522
Written by: vicki l. Ellingrod -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 522
Chapter 99: pregnancy and lactation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 522
Chapter 100: menstruation-related disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 526
Chapter 101: endometriosis--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 531
Chapter 102: menopausal hormone therapy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 536
Section 12: urological disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 542
Written by: l. Michael posey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 542
Chapter 103: erectile dysfunction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 542
Chapter 104: benign prostatic hyperplasia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 548
Chapter 105: urinary incontinence ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 553
Section 13: immunologic disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 558
Written by: gary c. Yee and thomas d. Nolin----------------------------------------------------------------------- 558
, Chapter 106: function and evaluation of the immune system ------------------------------------------------------------- 558
Chapter 107: systemic lupus erythematosus ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 565
Chapter 108: drug allergy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 570
Chapter 109: solid-organ transplantation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 574
Section 14: rheumatologic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 579
Written by: l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin --------------------------------------------------------------- 579
Chapter 110: osteoarthritis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 579
Chapter 111: rheumatoid arthritis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 584
Chapter 112: osteoporosis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 589
Chapter 113: gout and hyperuricemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 594
Section 15: ophthalmic disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 598
Written by: l. Michael posey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 598
Chapter 114: glaucoma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 598
Chapter 115: age-related macular degeneration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 604
Chapter 116: drug-induced ophthalmic disorders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 610
Section 16: dermatologic disorders -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616
Written by: l. Michael posey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616
Chapter 117: acne vulgaris ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616
Chapter 118: psoriasis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 621
Chapter 119: atopic dermatitis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 625
Chapter 120: alopecia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 631
Chapter 121: dermatologic drug reactions, contact dermatitis, and common skin conditions ------------------- 637
Section 17: hematologic disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 644
Written by: gary c. Yee --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 644
Chapter 122: anemias ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 644
Chapter 123: coagulation disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 651
Chapter 124: sickle cell disease ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 655
Chapter 125: drug-induced hematologic disorders --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 660
Section 18: infectious diseases -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 665
Written by: joseph t. Dipiro--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 665
Chapter 126: laboratory tests to direct antimicrobial pharmacotherapy ----------------------------------------------- 665
Chapter 127: antimicrobial regimen selection --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 670
Chapter 128: central nervous system infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 676
Chapter 129: lower respiratory tract infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 680
Chapter 130: upper respiratory tract infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 685
Chapter 131: influenza---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 690
Chapter 132: coronavirus disease (covid-19) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 695
Chapter 133: skin and soft-tissue infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 700
Chapter 134: bacteremia and infective endocarditis ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 707
Chapter 135: tuberculosis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 713
Chapter 136: gastrointestinal infections and enterotoxigenic poisonings ---------------------------------------------- 718
Chapter 137: intra-abdominal infections ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 723
Chapter 138: parasitic diseases ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 728
, Chapter 139: urinary tract infections --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 733
Chapter 140: sexually transmitted infections ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 740
Chapter 141: bone and joint infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 750
Chapter 142: sepsis and septic shock --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 754
Chapter 143: superficial fungal infections --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 758
Chapter 144: invasive fungal infections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 763
Chapter 145: infections in immunocompromised patients ----------------------------------------------------------------- 769
Chapter 146: antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 774
Chapter 147: vaccines and immunoglobulins ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 779
Chapter 148: human immunodeficiency virus infection --------------------------------------------------------------------- 785
Section 19: oncologic disorders ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 790
Written by: gary c. Yee --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 790
Chapter 149: cancer: the disease and treatment------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 790
Chapter 150: supportive care in cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 794
Chapter 151: breast cancer ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 800
Chapter 152: lung cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 805
Chapter 153: colorectal cancer ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 813
Chapter 154: prostate cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 819
Chapter 155: lymphomas ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 826
Chapter 156: ovarian cancer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 831
Chapter 157: acute leukemias ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 839
Chapter 158: chronic leukemias --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 845
Chapter 159: multiple myeloma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 850
Chapter 160: myelodysplastic syndromes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 854
Chapter 161: renal cell carcinoma ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 858
Chapter 162: melanoma ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 863
Chapter 163: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 867
Section 20: nutritional disorders ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 874
Written by: thomas d. Nolin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 874
Chapter 164: assessment of nutrition status and nutrition requirements --------------------------------------------- 874
Chapter 165: parenteral nutrition ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 880
Chapter 166: enteral nutrition------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 888
Chapter 167: obesity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 892
,Section 1: foundation issues
Written by: stuart t. Haines, l. Michael posey and thomas d. Nolin
Chapter 1: the patient care process
Joseph t. Dipiro: dipiro’s pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach 12th edition, (2023) test bank
Multiple choice
1. Which step of the patient care process involves gathering information about a patient's
medical history and current health status?
A) plan
B) monitor
C) assess
D) implement
Ans: c)
The "assess" step involves gathering all necessary information about the patient,
including their medical history, current symptoms, lab results, and medication profile.
This data helps to formulate an accurate diagnosis and care plan.
2. In which step of the patient care process does the nurse implement interventions to
achieve desired health outcomes?
A) plan
B) implement
C) monitor
D) assess
Ans: b)
The "implement" phase is when the nurse and other healthcare providers take specific
actions to carry out the care plan, which includes administering medications, performing
procedures, and providing education to the patient.
3. What is the most critical activity during the 'monitor' step of the patient care process?
A) evaluating whether the patient’s condition is improving
B) reassessing the patient's financial status
C) discharging the patient from the hospital
D) reviewing the patient's diet preferences
Ans: a)
Monitoring the patient’s progress is essential to assess the effectiveness of the
interventions and modify the care plan if necessary. The nurse checks for side effects,
therapeutic responses, and any changes in the patient’s condition.
4. Which of the following best describes the role of the nurse in the "assess" step of the
patient care process?
A) nurses provide the final diagnosis of the patient's illness
,B) nurses collaborate with other healthcare providers to gather patient data
C) nurses implement medication protocols
D) nurses manage the patient's medical records
Ans: b)
Nurses play a key role in gathering and documenting patient information, working with
the healthcare team to assess the patient’s current status, including history, symptoms,
and medications.
5. Which of the following is an example of an intervention in the "implement" step for a
patient with hypertension?
A) review lab results to monitor potassium levels
B) start a medication regimen as prescribed for blood pressure control
C) educate the patient about proper nutrition for blood pressure control
D) reassess the patient's medication therapy after 2 weeks
Ans: b)
The "implement" step involves carrying out specific interventions, such as starting the
prescribed medication to manage hypertension, or assisting the patient with lifestyle
modifications.
6. Which of the following actions would be considered part of the "monitor" phase of the
patient care process for a patient on an anticoagulant?
A) administering the medication as prescribed
B) reassessing the patient's inr level regularly
C) educating the patient on diet restrictions
D) reviewing the patient’s medical history
Ans: b)
Monitoring involves checking the effectiveness of therapy and evaluating outcomes. For
an anticoagulant, the inr level is regularly monitored to ensure the patient is within a
therapeutic range.
7. During which phase of the patient care process is it most appropriate for a nurse to
provide education on the side effects of a prescribed medication?
A) monitor
B) implement
C) assess
D) plan
Ans: b)
The "implement" phase includes taking actions such as administering medications and
providing patient education. Educating the patient about side effects occurs during this
stage to ensure they understand the treatment plan.
,8. Which of the following is an example of a non-pharmacological intervention during
the "implement" step?
A) adjusting the patient's insulin dose
B) teaching a patient relaxation techniques for stress reduction
C) ordering laboratory tests for kidney function
D) monitoring the patient for adverse drug reactions
Ans: b)
Non-pharmacological interventions, such as relaxation techniques, are part of the
comprehensive care approach. They are often implemented alongside pharmacological
therapies to manage conditions like anxiety or hypertension.
9. What is the primary purpose of the "plan" step in the patient care process?
A) to define the patient's diagnoses
B) to create a specific care plan with goals and interventions
C) to review medications prescribed to the patient
D) to monitor the patient's progress over time
Ans: b)
The "plan" step involves formulating an individualized care plan that addresses the
patient's needs, setting clear goals for health outcomes, and determining appropriate
interventions.
10. In the hospital, which of the following would be an outcome of successful patient
care planning?
A) the patient’s discharge is delayed
B) the patient’s clinical goals are met, and they experience an improvement in health
C) the nurse follows all hospital policies and procedures without deviation
D) the patient has no contact with the nurse during their stay
Ans: b)
The goal of patient care planning is to achieve specific health outcomes. A successful
plan results in the improvement of the patient’s condition or the achievement of health
goals set during the planning phase.
11. A nurse is applying the patient care process in a hospital setting. Which of the
following is the first step in this process?
A) implementation
B) evaluation
C) assessment
D) planning
Ans: c)
, The patient care process begins with assessment. This step involves gathering
information about the patient’s medical history, current condition, and any relevant social
or cultural factors to create an individualized care plan.
12. During the planning phase of the patient care process, the nurse must establish which
of the following?
A) a set of nursing interventions
B) a complete discharge plan
C) patient goals and outcomes
D) medication administration schedule
Ans: c)
In the planning phase, the nurse collaborates with the patient and healthcare team to set
specific, measurable, and achievable goals. These goals guide the patient’s care and are
used to measure the success of interventions.
13. When conducting an assessment of a patient, which of the following information is
most critical to collect?
A) patient’s preferred dietary preferences
B) family members’ preferences
C) medical history, symptoms, and current medications
D) financial status
Ans: c)
The most critical information includes the patient’s medical history, current symptoms,
and medications. This information is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment
planning.
14. A nurse is evaluating a patient’s response to a medication regimen. Which step of the
patient care process does this action belong to?
A) assessment
B) implementation
C) evaluation
D) planning
Ans: c)
Evaluation is the process of assessing whether the goals of treatment have been met and
determining the effectiveness of interventions. The nurse monitors the patient’s response
to therapy and adjusts the plan as needed.
15. In which step of the patient care process does a nurse adjust the treatment plan based
on the assessment data?
A) assessment
B) planning
C) implementation
D) evaluation
