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, ELEVENT Hx EDITION
x
CLEVELAND P. HICKMAN, JR.
x x x
WashingtonxandxLeexUniversity
LARRY S. ROBERTS
x x
FloridaxInternationalxUniversity
ALLAN LARSONx
WashingtonxUniversity
OriginalxArtworkx by
WILLIAMxC.x OBER,x M.D.x andx CLAIRExW.x GARRISON,x R.N.
Bostonx BurrxRidge,xILx Dubuque,xIAx Madison,xWIx NewxYorkx SanxFranciscox St.xLouisxBangko
tpph
kx Bogotáx Caracasx Lisbonx Londonx Madrid
MexicoxCity Milan NewxDelhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
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,INTEGRATEDxPRINCIPLESxOFx ZOOLOGY,xELEVENTHxEDITION
PublishedxbyxMcGraw-Hill,xanximprintxofxThexMcGraw-
HillxCompanies,xInc.,x1221xAvenuexofxthexAmericas,xNewxYork,xNYx10020.xCopyrightx©x2001,x1997xbyxThexMcGraw-
HillxCompanies,xInc.xAllxrightsxreserved.xNoxpartxofxthisxpublicationxmayxbexreproducedxorxdistributedxinxanyxformxorxby
xany xmeans,xorxstored xinxaxdatabase xorxretrieval xsystem,xwithoutxthex priorxwritten xconsentxofxThe xMcGraw-
HillxCompanies,xInc.,xincluding,xbutxnotxlimitedxto,xinxanyxnetworkxorxotherxelec-
xtronic xstorage xorxtransmission,xorxbroadcastxforxdistance xlearning.
Somexancillaries,xincludingxelectronicxandxprintxcomponents,xmayxnotxbexavailablextoxcustomersxoutsidexthexUnitedxSt
ates.
xThis x bookx isx printed x on x recycled,x acid-
freex paperx containingx 10%x postconsumerx waste.x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0xQPH/QPHx0x9x8x7x6x
5x4x3x2x1x0
ISBNx 0–07–290961–7
ISBNx 0–07–118077–Xx(ISE)
Vicexpresidentxandxeditor-in-chief:xKevinxT.xKane
Publisher:xMichaelxD.xLange
Seniorx sponsoringx editor:x Margaretx J.x Kemp
Developmentalx editor:x Donnax Nemmers
Marketingx managers:x Michellex Watnick/Heatherx K.xWagner
Projectxmanager:xJoycexM.xBerendesxProdu
ctionxsupervisor:xKaraxKudronowiczxDesig
nxmanager:xStuartxD.xPatersonxCover/interi
orxdesigner:xJamiexO’NealxCoverximage:xT
onyxStonexImages
Photoxresearchxcoordinator:xJohnxC.xLeland
xPhoto xresearch:xRobertaxSpieckermanxSup
plementxcoordinator:xTammyxJuranxCompo
sitor:xBlackxDotxGroup
Typeface:x10/12xGaramond
Printer:xQuebecorxPrintingxBookxGroup/Hawkins,xTN
Thex creditsx sectionx forx thisx bookx beginsx onx pagex 871x andx isx consideredx anx extensionx ofx thex copyrightx page.
Libraryx ofx Congressx Cataloging-in-Publicationx Data
Hickman,xClevelandxP.
Integratedxprinciplesxofxzoologyx/xClevelandxP.xHickman,xJr.,xLarryxS.xRoberts,xAllanx
Larson.x—x11thxed.
p. cm.
Includesxbibliographicalxreferencesxandxindex.xISB
Nx0–07–290961–7
1. Zoology.x x I.x Title.
QL47.2x.H54 2001
590—dc21 00–037233
CIP
INTERNATIONALxEDITIONx ISBNx0–07–118077–X
Copyrightx©x2001.xExclusivexrightsxbyxThexMcGraw-HillxCompanies,xInc.,xforxmanufacture
andxexport.xThisxbookxcannotxbexre-exportedxfromxthexcountryxtoxwhichxitxisxsoldxbyxMcGraw-
Hill.xThexInternationalxEditionxisxnotxavailablexinxNorthxAmerica.
www.mhhe.com
iv
, AboutxthexAuthorsx xixPrefac
ex xiii
9 ArchitecturalxPatternxofxan 31 Support,xProtection,xand
xAnimal x 180 x Movementx 642
10 ClassificationxandxPhylogenyxof 32 Homeostasisx 664
xAnimalsx 196
33 InternalxFluidsxandxRespiration
11 Protozoanx Groupsx 213 x684
1 Life:xBiologicalxPrinciplesxandxthe
xScience xofx\oologyx 2
12 MesozoaxandxParazoax 240 34 DigestionxandxNutritionx 706
2 ThexOriginxandxChemistryxofxLife 13 RadiatexAnimalsx 253 35 NervousxCoordinationx 724
x22 14 AcoelomatexAnimalsx 281 36 ChemicalxCoordinationx 751
3 CellsxasxUnitsxofxLifex 38 15 PseudocoelomatexAnimalsx 304 37 Immunityx 769
4 CellularxMetabolismx 58 16 Molluscsx 325 38 Animalx Behaviorx 783
17 SegmentedxWormsx 356
18 Arthropodsx 375
19 AquaticxMandibulatesx 389
20 TerrestrialxMandibulatesx 411
21 LesserxProtostomesx 439
22 LophophoratexAnimalsx 451
23 Echinodermsx 458
5 PrinciplesxofxGenetics:AxReview 39 ThexBiospherexandxAnimal
24 ChaetognathsxandxHemichordatesx
x76 xDistributionx 804
480
6 OrganicxEvolutionx 104 40 AnimalxEcologyx 822
25 Chordatesx 488
7 ThexReproductivexProcessx 135 26 Fishesx 507
8 Principlesx ofx Developmentx 156 Glossaryx 841
27 EarlyxTetrapodsxandxModern
Amphibiansx 538 Creditsx 871
28 ReptilianxGroupsx 559 Indexx 877
29 Birdsx 581
30 Mammalsx 609
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| | e-TextxMainxMenu | TextbookxTablexofxContents
| | e-TextxMainxMenu | TextbookxTablexofxContents
, ELEVENT Hx EDITION
x
CLEVELAND P. HICKMAN, JR.
x x x
WashingtonxandxLeexUniversity
LARRY S. ROBERTS
x x
FloridaxInternationalxUniversity
ALLAN LARSONx
WashingtonxUniversity
OriginalxArtworkx by
WILLIAMxC.x OBER,x M.D.x andx CLAIRExW.x GARRISON,x R.N.
Bostonx BurrxRidge,xILx Dubuque,xIAx Madison,xWIx NewxYorkx SanxFranciscox St.xLouisxBangko
tpph
kx Bogotáx Caracasx Lisbonx Londonx Madrid
MexicoxCity Milan NewxDelhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
▲
| | e-TextxMainxMenu | TextbookxTablexofxContents
,INTEGRATEDxPRINCIPLESxOFx ZOOLOGY,xELEVENTHxEDITION
PublishedxbyxMcGraw-Hill,xanximprintxofxThexMcGraw-
HillxCompanies,xInc.,x1221xAvenuexofxthexAmericas,xNewxYork,xNYx10020.xCopyrightx©x2001,x1997xbyxThexMcGraw-
HillxCompanies,xInc.xAllxrightsxreserved.xNoxpartxofxthisxpublicationxmayxbexreproducedxorxdistributedxinxanyxformxorxby
xany xmeans,xorxstored xinxaxdatabase xorxretrieval xsystem,xwithoutxthex priorxwritten xconsentxofxThe xMcGraw-
HillxCompanies,xInc.,xincluding,xbutxnotxlimitedxto,xinxanyxnetworkxorxotherxelec-
xtronic xstorage xorxtransmission,xorxbroadcastxforxdistance xlearning.
Somexancillaries,xincludingxelectronicxandxprintxcomponents,xmayxnotxbexavailablextoxcustomersxoutsidexthexUnitedxSt
ates.
xThis x bookx isx printed x on x recycled,x acid-
freex paperx containingx 10%x postconsumerx waste.x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0xQPH/QPHx0x9x8x7x6x
5x4x3x2x1x0
ISBNx 0–07–290961–7
ISBNx 0–07–118077–Xx(ISE)
Vicexpresidentxandxeditor-in-chief:xKevinxT.xKane
Publisher:xMichaelxD.xLange
Seniorx sponsoringx editor:x Margaretx J.x Kemp
Developmentalx editor:x Donnax Nemmers
Marketingx managers:x Michellex Watnick/Heatherx K.xWagner
Projectxmanager:xJoycexM.xBerendesxProdu
ctionxsupervisor:xKaraxKudronowiczxDesig
nxmanager:xStuartxD.xPatersonxCover/interi
orxdesigner:xJamiexO’NealxCoverximage:xT
onyxStonexImages
Photoxresearchxcoordinator:xJohnxC.xLeland
xPhoto xresearch:xRobertaxSpieckermanxSup
plementxcoordinator:xTammyxJuranxCompo
sitor:xBlackxDotxGroup
Typeface:x10/12xGaramond
Printer:xQuebecorxPrintingxBookxGroup/Hawkins,xTN
Thex creditsx sectionx forx thisx bookx beginsx onx pagex 871x andx isx consideredx anx extensionx ofx thex copyrightx page.
Libraryx ofx Congressx Cataloging-in-Publicationx Data
Hickman,xClevelandxP.
Integratedxprinciplesxofxzoologyx/xClevelandxP.xHickman,xJr.,xLarryxS.xRoberts,xAllanx
Larson.x—x11thxed.
p. cm.
Includesxbibliographicalxreferencesxandxindex.xISB
Nx0–07–290961–7
1. Zoology.x x I.x Title.
QL47.2x.H54 2001
590—dc21 00–037233
CIP
INTERNATIONALxEDITIONx ISBNx0–07–118077–X
Copyrightx©x2001.xExclusivexrightsxbyxThexMcGraw-HillxCompanies,xInc.,xforxmanufacture
andxexport.xThisxbookxcannotxbexre-exportedxfromxthexcountryxtoxwhichxitxisxsoldxbyxMcGraw-
Hill.xThexInternationalxEditionxisxnotxavailablexinxNorthxAmerica.
www.mhhe.com
iv
, AboutxthexAuthorsx xixPrefac
ex xiii
9 ArchitecturalxPatternxofxan 31 Support,xProtection,xand
xAnimal x 180 x Movementx 642
10 ClassificationxandxPhylogenyxof 32 Homeostasisx 664
xAnimalsx 196
33 InternalxFluidsxandxRespiration
11 Protozoanx Groupsx 213 x684
1 Life:xBiologicalxPrinciplesxandxthe
xScience xofx\oologyx 2
12 MesozoaxandxParazoax 240 34 DigestionxandxNutritionx 706
2 ThexOriginxandxChemistryxofxLife 13 RadiatexAnimalsx 253 35 NervousxCoordinationx 724
x22 14 AcoelomatexAnimalsx 281 36 ChemicalxCoordinationx 751
3 CellsxasxUnitsxofxLifex 38 15 PseudocoelomatexAnimalsx 304 37 Immunityx 769
4 CellularxMetabolismx 58 16 Molluscsx 325 38 Animalx Behaviorx 783
17 SegmentedxWormsx 356
18 Arthropodsx 375
19 AquaticxMandibulatesx 389
20 TerrestrialxMandibulatesx 411
21 LesserxProtostomesx 439
22 LophophoratexAnimalsx 451
23 Echinodermsx 458
5 PrinciplesxofxGenetics:AxReview 39 ThexBiospherexandxAnimal
24 ChaetognathsxandxHemichordatesx
x76 xDistributionx 804
480
6 OrganicxEvolutionx 104 40 AnimalxEcologyx 822
25 Chordatesx 488
7 ThexReproductivexProcessx 135 26 Fishesx 507
8 Principlesx ofx Developmentx 156 Glossaryx 841
27 EarlyxTetrapodsxandxModern
Amphibiansx 538 Creditsx 871
28 ReptilianxGroupsx 559 Indexx 877
29 Birdsx 581
30 Mammalsx 609
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