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RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING AND EXPOSURE 6e by
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Table of Contents
Chapter 01: Radiation and Its Discovery
Chapter 02: The X-ray Beam
Chapter 03: Image Formation and Radiographic Quality
Chapter 04: Digital Imaging Chapter 05:
Film-Screen Imaging Chapter 06:
Exposure Technique Factors Chapter 07:
Scatter Control
Chapter 08: Exposure Technique Selection
Chapter 09: Image Evaluation
Chapter 10: Dynamic Imaging: Fluoroscopy
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RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING AND EXPOSURE 6e by Terri
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Chapter 01: Radiation and Its Discovery
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When were X-rays discovered?
a. October 8, 1985
b. November 8, 1895
c. January 23, 1896
d. August 15, 1902
CORRECT ANSWER: B
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895.
REFFERENCE: p.1
2. What type of tube was Roentgen working with in his lab when X-rays were discovered?
a. Crookes tube
b. Fluorescent tube
c. High-vacuum tube
d. Wurzburg tube
CORRECT ANSWER: A
Roentgen was working with a low-vacuum tube known as a Crookes tube.
REFFERENCE: p.2
3. Which of the following terms could be defined as the instantaneous production of light only
during an interaction between a type of energy and some element or compound?
a. Phosphorescence
b. Afterglow
c. Glowing
d. Fluorescence
CORRECT ANSWER: D
Fluorescence is the instantaneous emission of light from a material due to the interaction with
some type of energy.
REFFERENCE: p.2
4. Barium platinocyanide was the:
a. type of dark paper Roentgen used to darken his laboratory.
b. material Roentgen used to produce the first radiograph of his wife’s hand.
c. metal used to produce the low-vacuum tube.
d. fluorescent material that glowed when the tube was energized.
CORRECT ANSWER: D
A piece of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glowed each time Roentgen energized his
tube.
REFFERENCE: p.2
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RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING AND EXPOSURE 6e by Terri
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5. The first radiograph produced by Roentgen, of his wife’s hand, required an exposure time of:
a. 15 s.
b. 150 s.
c. 15 min.
d. 150 min.
ANS: C
It took a 15-min exposure time to produce the first radiograph.
REFFERENCE: p.3
6. The letter x in x-ray is the symbol for:
a. electricity.
b. the unknown.
c. penetrating.
d. discovery.
ANS: B
The letter x represents the mathematical symbol of the unknown.
REFFERENCE: p.3
7. The first Nobel Prize for physics was received in 1901 by:
a. Marie Curie.
b. William Crookes.
c. Wilhelm Roentgen.
d. Albert Einstein.
ANS: C
Wilhelm Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901.
REFFERENCE: p.4
8. X-rays were at one time called:
a. Becquerel rays.
b. Roentgen rays. c.
Z-rays.
d. none of the above.
ANS: B
X-rays were at one time called Roentgen rays.
REFFERENCE: p.4
9. Erythema, an early sign of biologic damage due to x-ray exposure, is:
a. reddening of the skin.
b. a malignant tumor.
c. a chromosomal change.
d. one of the most serious effects of x-ray exposure.
ANS: A
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Erythema is reddening and burning of the skin, an early and less serious effect of exposure to
large doses of x-radiation.
REFFERENCE: p.5
10. X-rays have which of the following properties?
a. Electrical
b. Magnetic
c. Chemical
d. A and B
e. A and C
CORRECT ANSWER: D
X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation, have both electrical and magnetic properties.
REFFERENCE: p.5
11. The distance between two successive crests of a sine wave is known as:
a. an angstrom.
b. frequency.
c. the Greek letter nu.
d. wavelength
CORRECT ANSWER: D
The distance between two successive crests or troughs of a sine wave is the measure of its
wavelength.
REFFERENCE: p.6
12. X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths that are measured in:
a. angstroms.
b. millimeters.
c. centimeters.
d. hertz.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
X-rays in the range used in radiography have wavelengths that are so short that they are
measured in angstroms.
REFFERENCE: p.6
13. The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a given point per given unit of time.
Frequency is measured in:
a. angstroms.
b. hertz.
c. inches.
d. eV.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
The unit of frequency is hertz. The frequency of X-rays in the radiography range varies from
about 3 1019 to 3 1018 Hz.
SYNDICATE
, REFFERENCE: p.6
14. Which of the following is a correct description of the relationship between the wavelength and
frequency of the x-ray photon?
a. Wavelength and frequency are directly proportional.
b. Wavelength and frequency are inversely related by the square root of lambda.
c. Frequency and wavelength are inversely related.
d. Wavelength and frequency have no relationship to each other.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
Wavelength and frequency are inversely related; as one increases, the other decreases.
REFFERENCE: p.6
15. A is a small, discrete bundle of energy.
a. phaser
b. quark
c. photon
d. mesion
CORRECT ANSWER: C
A photon, or quantum, is a small, discrete bundle of energy.
REFFERENCE: p.7
16. The speed of light is:
a. 3 108 meters per second
b. 3 108 miles per seconTd c.
186,000 miles per second d.
A and B
e. A and C
CORRECT ANSWER: E
The speed of light can be described as either 3 108 meters per second or 186,000 miles per
second.
REFFERENCE: p.8
17. When first developed, the branch of medicine using X-rays was called:
a. radiology.
b. radiography.
c. roentgenology.
d. imaging sciences.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
What we now call radiology was first called roentgenology.
REFFERENCE: p.4
18. The electrical energy applied to an x-ray tube will be transformed to:
a. heat.
b. light.
, c. x-rays.
d. A and B.
e. A and C.
CORRECT ANSWER: E
The electrical energy applied to the x-ray tube will be transformed into heat (primarily) and
x-rays.
REFFERENCE: p.5
19. The Greek symbol lambda () represents the x-ray’s:
a. wavelength.
b. speed.
c. frequency.
d. quantity.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
Lambda () is the Greek symbol that represents wavelength.
REFFERENCE: p.6
20. An angstrom (Å) is equal to:
a. 101 meter
b. 1010 meter
c. 101 foot
d. 1010 foot
CORRECT ANSWER: B
One angstrom is equal to 1010 meter.
REFFERENCE: p.6
21. X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to:
a. 0.01 Å.
b. 1 Å.
c. 10 Å.
d. 100 Å.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to 1 Å.
REFFERENCE: p.6
22. X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 3 1019 to:
a. 3 108 Hz. b.
3 1010 Hz. c. 3
1010 Hz. d. 3
1018 Hz.
CORRECT ANSWER: D
X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 3 1019 to 3 1018 Hz.
, REFFERENCE: p.6
23. In the formula c = v, c represents:
a. frequency.
b. the speed of light.
c. wavelength.
d. kinetic energy.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
In this formula, c represents the speed of light.
REFFERENCE: p.6
24. In the formula c = v, v represents:
a. frequency.
b. the speed of light.
c. wavelength.
d. kinetic energy.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
In this formula, v represents frequency.
REFFERENCE: p.6
25. The energy of an individual x-ray photon is measured in:
a. frequency.
b. wavelength.
c. kilovolts peak (kVp).
d. electron volts (eV).
CORRECT ANSWER: D
X-ray photon energy is measured in electron volts (eV).
REFFERENCE: p.7
26. An x-ray beam that has photons with many different energies is:
a. homogenous.
b. monoenergetic.
c. heterogeneous.
d. never found.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
A heterogeneous x-ray beam consists of photons with many different energies.
REFFERENCE: p.8
27. X-rays can:
a. penetrate the human body.
b. be absorbed in the human body.
c. change direction in the human body.
d. A and B only.
e. all of the above.
,CORRECT ANSWER: E
X-rays can penetrate, be absorbed in, or change direction (due to scattering) in the human
body.
REFFERENCE: p.9
28. In conjunction with ALARA, which of the following cardinal principles help to minimize
radiation exposure?
I. Time—Increase time exposed to ionizing radiation
II. Time—Decrease time exposed to ionizing radiation
III. Distance—Increase distance from ionizing radiation
IV. Distance—Decrease distance from ionizing radiation
V. Shielding—Maximize use of shielding from ionizing radiation
a. I, III, and V b.
I, IV, and V c.
II, III, and V d.
II, IV, and V
CORRECT ANSWER: C
The cardinal principles include decreasing time exposed to ionizing radiation, increasing
distance from ionizing radiation, and maximizing use of shielding from ionizing radiation.
REFFERENCE: p.9
TRUE/FALSE
1. X-rays are invisible.
CORRECT ANSWER: T
A characteristic of X-rays is that they are invisible.
REFFERENCE: p.9
2. X-rays carry a negative charge that causes ionization.
CORRECT ANSWER: F
X-rays are electrically neutral.
REFFERENCE: p.9
3. X-ray photons travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.
CORRECT ANSWER: T
In a vacuum, X-rays will travel at the speed of light.
REFFERENCE: p.9
4. X-ray photons are capable of traveling around corners.
CORRECT ANSWER: F
X-rays travel in straight lines, so they are unable to travel around corners.
, REFFERENCE: p.9
5. Chemical changes may occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.
ANS: T
Chemical changes, such as in radiographic or photographic film, occur as a result of exposure
to ionizing radiation.
REFFERENCE: p.9
6. X-rays will change direction in the presence of a strong magnetic field.
ANS: F
X-rays do not respond to a magnetic field.
REFFERENCE: p.8
7. X-rays produce a slight tingling sensation when they enter the body.
ANS: F
X-rays cannot be felt.
REFFERENCE: p.8
8. X-rays cannot be focused with a lens.
ANS: T
Unlike visible light, it is not possible to focus X-rays with a lens.
REFFERENCE: p.9
9. X-rays are able to interact with certain materials and produce light energy.
ANS: T
Certain materials will fluoresce, or produce light energy, when stimulated by x-rays.
REFFERENCE: p.9
10. It is impossible for X-rays to interact with matter and produce secondary radiation.
ANS: F
Secondary radiation is often produced as a result of X-rays interacting with matter.
REFFERENCE: p.9
11. X-rays can produce ionization of atoms making up cells, causing damage.
ANS: T
A major reason that unnecessary exposure must be avoided is that X-rays can ionize atoms
andcause damage.
RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING AND EXPOSURE 6e by Terri
L. Fauber
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RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING AND EXPOSURE 6e by
Terri L. Fauber
Table of Contents
Chapter 01: Radiation and Its Discovery
Chapter 02: The X-ray Beam
Chapter 03: Image Formation and Radiographic Quality
Chapter 04: Digital Imaging Chapter 05:
Film-Screen Imaging Chapter 06:
Exposure Technique Factors Chapter 07:
Scatter Control
Chapter 08: Exposure Technique Selection
Chapter 09: Image Evaluation
Chapter 10: Dynamic Imaging: Fluoroscopy
SYNDICATE
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RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING AND EXPOSURE 6e by Terri
L. Fauber
Chapter 01: Radiation and Its Discovery
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When were X-rays discovered?
a. October 8, 1985
b. November 8, 1895
c. January 23, 1896
d. August 15, 1902
CORRECT ANSWER: B
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895.
REFFERENCE: p.1
2. What type of tube was Roentgen working with in his lab when X-rays were discovered?
a. Crookes tube
b. Fluorescent tube
c. High-vacuum tube
d. Wurzburg tube
CORRECT ANSWER: A
Roentgen was working with a low-vacuum tube known as a Crookes tube.
REFFERENCE: p.2
3. Which of the following terms could be defined as the instantaneous production of light only
during an interaction between a type of energy and some element or compound?
a. Phosphorescence
b. Afterglow
c. Glowing
d. Fluorescence
CORRECT ANSWER: D
Fluorescence is the instantaneous emission of light from a material due to the interaction with
some type of energy.
REFFERENCE: p.2
4. Barium platinocyanide was the:
a. type of dark paper Roentgen used to darken his laboratory.
b. material Roentgen used to produce the first radiograph of his wife’s hand.
c. metal used to produce the low-vacuum tube.
d. fluorescent material that glowed when the tube was energized.
CORRECT ANSWER: D
A piece of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glowed each time Roentgen energized his
tube.
REFFERENCE: p.2
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RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING AND EXPOSURE 6e by Terri
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5. The first radiograph produced by Roentgen, of his wife’s hand, required an exposure time of:
a. 15 s.
b. 150 s.
c. 15 min.
d. 150 min.
ANS: C
It took a 15-min exposure time to produce the first radiograph.
REFFERENCE: p.3
6. The letter x in x-ray is the symbol for:
a. electricity.
b. the unknown.
c. penetrating.
d. discovery.
ANS: B
The letter x represents the mathematical symbol of the unknown.
REFFERENCE: p.3
7. The first Nobel Prize for physics was received in 1901 by:
a. Marie Curie.
b. William Crookes.
c. Wilhelm Roentgen.
d. Albert Einstein.
ANS: C
Wilhelm Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901.
REFFERENCE: p.4
8. X-rays were at one time called:
a. Becquerel rays.
b. Roentgen rays. c.
Z-rays.
d. none of the above.
ANS: B
X-rays were at one time called Roentgen rays.
REFFERENCE: p.4
9. Erythema, an early sign of biologic damage due to x-ray exposure, is:
a. reddening of the skin.
b. a malignant tumor.
c. a chromosomal change.
d. one of the most serious effects of x-ray exposure.
ANS: A
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Erythema is reddening and burning of the skin, an early and less serious effect of exposure to
large doses of x-radiation.
REFFERENCE: p.5
10. X-rays have which of the following properties?
a. Electrical
b. Magnetic
c. Chemical
d. A and B
e. A and C
CORRECT ANSWER: D
X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation, have both electrical and magnetic properties.
REFFERENCE: p.5
11. The distance between two successive crests of a sine wave is known as:
a. an angstrom.
b. frequency.
c. the Greek letter nu.
d. wavelength
CORRECT ANSWER: D
The distance between two successive crests or troughs of a sine wave is the measure of its
wavelength.
REFFERENCE: p.6
12. X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths that are measured in:
a. angstroms.
b. millimeters.
c. centimeters.
d. hertz.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
X-rays in the range used in radiography have wavelengths that are so short that they are
measured in angstroms.
REFFERENCE: p.6
13. The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a given point per given unit of time.
Frequency is measured in:
a. angstroms.
b. hertz.
c. inches.
d. eV.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
The unit of frequency is hertz. The frequency of X-rays in the radiography range varies from
about 3 1019 to 3 1018 Hz.
SYNDICATE
, REFFERENCE: p.6
14. Which of the following is a correct description of the relationship between the wavelength and
frequency of the x-ray photon?
a. Wavelength and frequency are directly proportional.
b. Wavelength and frequency are inversely related by the square root of lambda.
c. Frequency and wavelength are inversely related.
d. Wavelength and frequency have no relationship to each other.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
Wavelength and frequency are inversely related; as one increases, the other decreases.
REFFERENCE: p.6
15. A is a small, discrete bundle of energy.
a. phaser
b. quark
c. photon
d. mesion
CORRECT ANSWER: C
A photon, or quantum, is a small, discrete bundle of energy.
REFFERENCE: p.7
16. The speed of light is:
a. 3 108 meters per second
b. 3 108 miles per seconTd c.
186,000 miles per second d.
A and B
e. A and C
CORRECT ANSWER: E
The speed of light can be described as either 3 108 meters per second or 186,000 miles per
second.
REFFERENCE: p.8
17. When first developed, the branch of medicine using X-rays was called:
a. radiology.
b. radiography.
c. roentgenology.
d. imaging sciences.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
What we now call radiology was first called roentgenology.
REFFERENCE: p.4
18. The electrical energy applied to an x-ray tube will be transformed to:
a. heat.
b. light.
, c. x-rays.
d. A and B.
e. A and C.
CORRECT ANSWER: E
The electrical energy applied to the x-ray tube will be transformed into heat (primarily) and
x-rays.
REFFERENCE: p.5
19. The Greek symbol lambda () represents the x-ray’s:
a. wavelength.
b. speed.
c. frequency.
d. quantity.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
Lambda () is the Greek symbol that represents wavelength.
REFFERENCE: p.6
20. An angstrom (Å) is equal to:
a. 101 meter
b. 1010 meter
c. 101 foot
d. 1010 foot
CORRECT ANSWER: B
One angstrom is equal to 1010 meter.
REFFERENCE: p.6
21. X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to:
a. 0.01 Å.
b. 1 Å.
c. 10 Å.
d. 100 Å.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to 1 Å.
REFFERENCE: p.6
22. X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 3 1019 to:
a. 3 108 Hz. b.
3 1010 Hz. c. 3
1010 Hz. d. 3
1018 Hz.
CORRECT ANSWER: D
X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 3 1019 to 3 1018 Hz.
, REFFERENCE: p.6
23. In the formula c = v, c represents:
a. frequency.
b. the speed of light.
c. wavelength.
d. kinetic energy.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
In this formula, c represents the speed of light.
REFFERENCE: p.6
24. In the formula c = v, v represents:
a. frequency.
b. the speed of light.
c. wavelength.
d. kinetic energy.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
In this formula, v represents frequency.
REFFERENCE: p.6
25. The energy of an individual x-ray photon is measured in:
a. frequency.
b. wavelength.
c. kilovolts peak (kVp).
d. electron volts (eV).
CORRECT ANSWER: D
X-ray photon energy is measured in electron volts (eV).
REFFERENCE: p.7
26. An x-ray beam that has photons with many different energies is:
a. homogenous.
b. monoenergetic.
c. heterogeneous.
d. never found.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
A heterogeneous x-ray beam consists of photons with many different energies.
REFFERENCE: p.8
27. X-rays can:
a. penetrate the human body.
b. be absorbed in the human body.
c. change direction in the human body.
d. A and B only.
e. all of the above.
,CORRECT ANSWER: E
X-rays can penetrate, be absorbed in, or change direction (due to scattering) in the human
body.
REFFERENCE: p.9
28. In conjunction with ALARA, which of the following cardinal principles help to minimize
radiation exposure?
I. Time—Increase time exposed to ionizing radiation
II. Time—Decrease time exposed to ionizing radiation
III. Distance—Increase distance from ionizing radiation
IV. Distance—Decrease distance from ionizing radiation
V. Shielding—Maximize use of shielding from ionizing radiation
a. I, III, and V b.
I, IV, and V c.
II, III, and V d.
II, IV, and V
CORRECT ANSWER: C
The cardinal principles include decreasing time exposed to ionizing radiation, increasing
distance from ionizing radiation, and maximizing use of shielding from ionizing radiation.
REFFERENCE: p.9
TRUE/FALSE
1. X-rays are invisible.
CORRECT ANSWER: T
A characteristic of X-rays is that they are invisible.
REFFERENCE: p.9
2. X-rays carry a negative charge that causes ionization.
CORRECT ANSWER: F
X-rays are electrically neutral.
REFFERENCE: p.9
3. X-ray photons travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.
CORRECT ANSWER: T
In a vacuum, X-rays will travel at the speed of light.
REFFERENCE: p.9
4. X-ray photons are capable of traveling around corners.
CORRECT ANSWER: F
X-rays travel in straight lines, so they are unable to travel around corners.
, REFFERENCE: p.9
5. Chemical changes may occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.
ANS: T
Chemical changes, such as in radiographic or photographic film, occur as a result of exposure
to ionizing radiation.
REFFERENCE: p.9
6. X-rays will change direction in the presence of a strong magnetic field.
ANS: F
X-rays do not respond to a magnetic field.
REFFERENCE: p.8
7. X-rays produce a slight tingling sensation when they enter the body.
ANS: F
X-rays cannot be felt.
REFFERENCE: p.8
8. X-rays cannot be focused with a lens.
ANS: T
Unlike visible light, it is not possible to focus X-rays with a lens.
REFFERENCE: p.9
9. X-rays are able to interact with certain materials and produce light energy.
ANS: T
Certain materials will fluoresce, or produce light energy, when stimulated by x-rays.
REFFERENCE: p.9
10. It is impossible for X-rays to interact with matter and produce secondary radiation.
ANS: F
Secondary radiation is often produced as a result of X-rays interacting with matter.
REFFERENCE: p.9
11. X-rays can produce ionization of atoms making up cells, causing damage.
ANS: T
A major reason that unnecessary exposure must be avoided is that X-rays can ionize atoms
andcause damage.
