FRESENIUS PCT NEW HIRE EXAM/ NEWEST 2025
ACTUAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS/ WELL GRADED A+// LATEST
VERSION!
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? - CORRECT ANSWERS -sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+) calcium (Ca++) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Conductivity is the ability of a solution to
transmit or "conduct" an electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? - CORRECT ANSWERS
-pH, conductivity, monitoring the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine
(bleach) after routine (weekly) machine disinfection and before the first treatment after
the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? - CORRECT ANSWERS -also called sodium modeling is a
physician-ordered intervention to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment.
There are three preprogrammed "profiles" that can be ordered by the physician based
on several different comorbidities
Why is dextrose added to the dialysate? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Dextrose, a form of
glucose, is added to prevent hypoglycemia.
What is TMP? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Transmembrane pressure is the pressure
difference across the dialyzer membrane. It reflects the total pressure across the
membrane used to achieve the desired fluid loss
How can you tell if a dialyzer is clotting? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Indications of a
clotting dialyzer are a rising TMP, rising venous pressure, dark blood in the dialyzer,
and air detector alarms. A venous line that is clotting will show an increase in venous
pressure.
How is dialysis delivered? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The Hemodialysis Machine is the
Delivery System. The machine has two sub-systems.
• Blood delivery system circulates the patient's blood
• Dialysate delivery Mixes & circulates dialysate
What is monitored during treatment? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Machine alarms monitor
the safe progression of the dialysis treatment. Alarms are divided into two categories.
Blood related, and dialysate related
What causes increased arterial pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Kinks, clamp or
occlusion on arterial line
, BFR exceeds vascular access flow
Needle gauge size selected compared to BFR
Needle placement
Clotting, stenosis, vasoconstriction or vasospasms
Malposition of catheter tip, constricting sutures at insertion
site or CVC thrombus
Hypotension
Poor cardiac output
Increased blood viscosity due to high hgb or ultrafiltration
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? -
CORRECT ANSWERS -(2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Renin is a hormone produced
by the kidneys with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium
and potassium balance
Erythropoietin - CORRECT ANSWERS -stimulates the bone marrow to produce red
blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The kidney converts
Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to
maintain good bone health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - CORRECT ANSWERS -No longer
produce calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes
demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the calcium
needed for body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus
is found in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium
bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Intracellular-inside
the cells • Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels •
Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Maintaining a stable internal
environment
uremia - CORRECT ANSWERS -build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS -A membrane made
from protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
ACTUAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS/ WELL GRADED A+// LATEST
VERSION!
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? - CORRECT ANSWERS -sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+) calcium (Ca++) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Conductivity is the ability of a solution to
transmit or "conduct" an electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? - CORRECT ANSWERS
-pH, conductivity, monitoring the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine
(bleach) after routine (weekly) machine disinfection and before the first treatment after
the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? - CORRECT ANSWERS -also called sodium modeling is a
physician-ordered intervention to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment.
There are three preprogrammed "profiles" that can be ordered by the physician based
on several different comorbidities
Why is dextrose added to the dialysate? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Dextrose, a form of
glucose, is added to prevent hypoglycemia.
What is TMP? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Transmembrane pressure is the pressure
difference across the dialyzer membrane. It reflects the total pressure across the
membrane used to achieve the desired fluid loss
How can you tell if a dialyzer is clotting? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Indications of a
clotting dialyzer are a rising TMP, rising venous pressure, dark blood in the dialyzer,
and air detector alarms. A venous line that is clotting will show an increase in venous
pressure.
How is dialysis delivered? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The Hemodialysis Machine is the
Delivery System. The machine has two sub-systems.
• Blood delivery system circulates the patient's blood
• Dialysate delivery Mixes & circulates dialysate
What is monitored during treatment? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Machine alarms monitor
the safe progression of the dialysis treatment. Alarms are divided into two categories.
Blood related, and dialysate related
What causes increased arterial pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Kinks, clamp or
occlusion on arterial line
, BFR exceeds vascular access flow
Needle gauge size selected compared to BFR
Needle placement
Clotting, stenosis, vasoconstriction or vasospasms
Malposition of catheter tip, constricting sutures at insertion
site or CVC thrombus
Hypotension
Poor cardiac output
Increased blood viscosity due to high hgb or ultrafiltration
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? -
CORRECT ANSWERS -(2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Renin is a hormone produced
by the kidneys with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium
and potassium balance
Erythropoietin - CORRECT ANSWERS -stimulates the bone marrow to produce red
blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The kidney converts
Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to
maintain good bone health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - CORRECT ANSWERS -No longer
produce calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes
demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the calcium
needed for body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus
is found in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium
bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Intracellular-inside
the cells • Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels •
Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Maintaining a stable internal
environment
uremia - CORRECT ANSWERS -build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS -A membrane made
from protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
