Lecture notes Cultural Heritage in Art, Architecture and
Landscape
Table of Contents
LECTURE NOTES CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ART, ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE ..............................1
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................3
WHAT IS HERITAGE?.............................................................................................................................3
FROM MONUMENTS TO HERITAGE:..........................................................................................................3
INSTITUTIONS......................................................................................................................................4
LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE....................................................................................................................4
WHAT IS A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?..........................................................................................................5
LECTURE 2 ARCHITECTURE PERSPECTIVES AND HERITAGE.................................................................5
PART I: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION......................................................................5
1. APPROACH TO EXISTING BUILDINGS IN ANTIQUITY AND MIDDLE AGES...............................................................6
2. RENAISSANCE AND THE ‘DISCOVERY’ OF ANTIQUITIES......................................................................................7
3. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT....................................................................................................................8
4. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.........................................................................................................................8
5. 19TH CENTURY: STYLISTIC RESTORATION.......................................................................................................9
6. CONSERVATION.....................................................................................................................................10
7. THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY.......................................................................................................11
PART II: POSTWAR CHALLENGES AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES......................................................................11
8. WAR DAMAGES AND RECONSTRUCTION IN EUROPE......................................................................................11
9. INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS...............................................................................................................12
LECTURE 3: LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE AND HERITAGE.....................................................................15
DIFFERENT IDEAS ABOUT LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE (IT DEPENDS ON WHO YOU ASK- EVERYONE HAS DIFFERENT IDEAS)
..............................................................................................................................................................15
QUESTION TO YOU....................................................................................................................................15
I. -ISMS (AND WHY THESE DO MATTER INDEED).........................................................................................15
II. DIFFERENT FORMS OF LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE.................................................................................16
THREE MAIN APPROACHES TO LANDSCAPES....................................................................................................16
LANDSCAPES LISTED AS HERITAGE.................................................................................................................17
TERKENLI.................................................................................................................................................17
LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE (LOTS OF DIFFERENT WAYS THEY ARE INVOLVED WITH EACH OTHER)...............................17
LANDSCAPES AS EVENT-BASED HERITAGE........................................................................................................17
EVENT BASED...........................................................................................................................................18
IMMATERIAL HERITAGE AND/IN THE LANDSCAPE: TRADITION-BASED....................................................................18
NATURAL EVENTS......................................................................................................................................19
HERITAGE IN THE LANDSCAPE: MATERIAL.......................................................................................................19
LANDSCAPE AS HERITAGE............................................................................................................................20
SUMMARY OF THE LECTURE..................................................................................................................21
,LECTURE 4: EXCURSION TO THE FORUM..........................................................................................21
LECTURE 5: CASE STUDY BARCELONA..............................................................................................21
FOCUS I: FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE MIDDLE AGES, ESPECIALLY C. 1400-1500 CE AS A MEDITERRANEAN CITY.......22
ANTIQUITY...............................................................................................................................................22
BARCELONA IN THE MIDDLE AGES.................................................................................................................22
BARCELONA IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (1492-1714)...............................................................................23
FOCUS II: THE CITY AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS AROUND THE YEAR 1900, BEFORE AND AFTER GAUDI’S LIFETIME. . .23
RENAISSANCE OF CATALONIA’S CULTURE (FOCUSED ON THE MEDIEVAL)- RENAIXENCA............................................23
POLITICAL TURMOIL IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY.............................................................................................24
SPAIN’S CITY OPENS TO THE WORLD EARLY ON: INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AND THE 1992 OLYMPICS................24
1888 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION................................................................................................................24
1929 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION................................................................................................................24
THE 1992 OLYMPICS.................................................................................................................................24
LECTURE 6: HERITAGE AT THE CROSSROADS OF ARCHITECTURE & LANDSCAPE (THE CASE OF
HISTORIC MILITARY SYSTEMS: THE NEW DUTCH WATERLINE).........................................................25
I. THE CASE OF THE NEW DUTCH WATERLINE...........................................................................................25
SHORT VIDEO...........................................................................................................................................25
WATERLINE MOBILIZED DURING WW1 AND WW2.........................................................................................26
LOCAL ARTEFACTS......................................................................................................................................26
CROSS-READING........................................................................................................................................27
DEFENSE STRUCTURES................................................................................................................................27
II. THE REVITALIZATION OF HISTORIC MILITARY SYSTEMS: CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES....................................28
PANORAMA KRAYENHOFF...........................................................................................................................28
RING OF UTRECHT.....................................................................................................................................29
VECHT AND RIVERS REGION (FORT BIJ VECHTEN)............................................................................................29
WATERLINIECENTRUM (BOMB-PROOF BARACK)...............................................................................................31
III. PROTECTION FRAMEWORKS: HISTORICAL EVOLUTION IN A TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE...............................31
VENICE....................................................................................................................................................32
LANDSCAPE PROTECTION MODELS.................................................................................................................32
IV. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES..........................................................................................................34
NATURE-CULTURE DICHOTOMY (TWEEDELING)................................................................................................34
NATURE-CULTURE INTERLINKAGES................................................................................................................35
LECTURE 7: LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE WADDEN SEA REGION ..........................36
WADDEN SEA LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS............................................................................................................36
I. PERSPECTIVES ON WADDEN SEA HERITAGE/LANDSCAPE RELATIONS............................................................36
1. A NATURAL VERSUS A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE..............................................................................................37
2. ALL IS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE (RENES).......................................................................................................37
3. ALL IS LANDSCAPE (SCHEPERS).................................................................................................................37
II. WHAT IS THE WADDEN SEA REALLY?..................................................................................................37
THE ISLANDS............................................................................................................................................37
COAST.....................................................................................................................................................38
,Lecture 1: Introduction
What is heritage?
Something that changes / a concept that changes overtime.
Something cultural that can be passed down (can be a land/ industrial/ military
/ architectural heritage)
From monuments to heritage:
- Preserving just the building is not enough, the area is also part of the heritage.
, - What: expansion from what we consider heritage (monuments, groups of
buildings, sites)
- Why: from integrity to significance (values and attributes tangible and
intangible)
UNESCO and other heritage organisations
- Who: from experts (axiomatic approach) to society (relativistic approach)
Cultural heritage is a group of recourses inherited from the past which people
identify, independently of ownership, as a reflection and expression of their
constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions. It includes all aspects
of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through
time.
Intangible (ontastbaar)
Materiality is less important than tradition and building techniques (buildings fade)
(native tribes)
• Tangible (tastbaar) items = monuments, artifacts, buildings
• Intangible (ontastbaar) items = traditions, languages, practices
Examples of heritage
1. Partenon in Greece
2. Historic urban center of Florence
3. Van Nelle factory in Rotterdam
4. Mill’s Valley in Gragnano, Italy
5. Coal mine industrial complex in Essen, Germany
6. Fortifications of Naarden
Institutions
Rijksmonumenten (Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel erfgoed)
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
ICOMOS (International Council on monuments and sites)
IUCN (International Unions for the Conservation of Nature)
Why protect?
Examples:
Ise Shrine, Mei Prefecture, Japan
Uros in Peru
Nature-culture interlinkages
Landscape and heritage
How do architecture and landscape relate?
Landscape
Table of Contents
LECTURE NOTES CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ART, ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE ..............................1
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................3
WHAT IS HERITAGE?.............................................................................................................................3
FROM MONUMENTS TO HERITAGE:..........................................................................................................3
INSTITUTIONS......................................................................................................................................4
LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE....................................................................................................................4
WHAT IS A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?..........................................................................................................5
LECTURE 2 ARCHITECTURE PERSPECTIVES AND HERITAGE.................................................................5
PART I: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION......................................................................5
1. APPROACH TO EXISTING BUILDINGS IN ANTIQUITY AND MIDDLE AGES...............................................................6
2. RENAISSANCE AND THE ‘DISCOVERY’ OF ANTIQUITIES......................................................................................7
3. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT....................................................................................................................8
4. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.........................................................................................................................8
5. 19TH CENTURY: STYLISTIC RESTORATION.......................................................................................................9
6. CONSERVATION.....................................................................................................................................10
7. THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY.......................................................................................................11
PART II: POSTWAR CHALLENGES AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES......................................................................11
8. WAR DAMAGES AND RECONSTRUCTION IN EUROPE......................................................................................11
9. INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS...............................................................................................................12
LECTURE 3: LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE AND HERITAGE.....................................................................15
DIFFERENT IDEAS ABOUT LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE (IT DEPENDS ON WHO YOU ASK- EVERYONE HAS DIFFERENT IDEAS)
..............................................................................................................................................................15
QUESTION TO YOU....................................................................................................................................15
I. -ISMS (AND WHY THESE DO MATTER INDEED).........................................................................................15
II. DIFFERENT FORMS OF LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE.................................................................................16
THREE MAIN APPROACHES TO LANDSCAPES....................................................................................................16
LANDSCAPES LISTED AS HERITAGE.................................................................................................................17
TERKENLI.................................................................................................................................................17
LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE (LOTS OF DIFFERENT WAYS THEY ARE INVOLVED WITH EACH OTHER)...............................17
LANDSCAPES AS EVENT-BASED HERITAGE........................................................................................................17
EVENT BASED...........................................................................................................................................18
IMMATERIAL HERITAGE AND/IN THE LANDSCAPE: TRADITION-BASED....................................................................18
NATURAL EVENTS......................................................................................................................................19
HERITAGE IN THE LANDSCAPE: MATERIAL.......................................................................................................19
LANDSCAPE AS HERITAGE............................................................................................................................20
SUMMARY OF THE LECTURE..................................................................................................................21
,LECTURE 4: EXCURSION TO THE FORUM..........................................................................................21
LECTURE 5: CASE STUDY BARCELONA..............................................................................................21
FOCUS I: FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE MIDDLE AGES, ESPECIALLY C. 1400-1500 CE AS A MEDITERRANEAN CITY.......22
ANTIQUITY...............................................................................................................................................22
BARCELONA IN THE MIDDLE AGES.................................................................................................................22
BARCELONA IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (1492-1714)...............................................................................23
FOCUS II: THE CITY AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS AROUND THE YEAR 1900, BEFORE AND AFTER GAUDI’S LIFETIME. . .23
RENAISSANCE OF CATALONIA’S CULTURE (FOCUSED ON THE MEDIEVAL)- RENAIXENCA............................................23
POLITICAL TURMOIL IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY.............................................................................................24
SPAIN’S CITY OPENS TO THE WORLD EARLY ON: INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AND THE 1992 OLYMPICS................24
1888 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION................................................................................................................24
1929 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION................................................................................................................24
THE 1992 OLYMPICS.................................................................................................................................24
LECTURE 6: HERITAGE AT THE CROSSROADS OF ARCHITECTURE & LANDSCAPE (THE CASE OF
HISTORIC MILITARY SYSTEMS: THE NEW DUTCH WATERLINE).........................................................25
I. THE CASE OF THE NEW DUTCH WATERLINE...........................................................................................25
SHORT VIDEO...........................................................................................................................................25
WATERLINE MOBILIZED DURING WW1 AND WW2.........................................................................................26
LOCAL ARTEFACTS......................................................................................................................................26
CROSS-READING........................................................................................................................................27
DEFENSE STRUCTURES................................................................................................................................27
II. THE REVITALIZATION OF HISTORIC MILITARY SYSTEMS: CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES....................................28
PANORAMA KRAYENHOFF...........................................................................................................................28
RING OF UTRECHT.....................................................................................................................................29
VECHT AND RIVERS REGION (FORT BIJ VECHTEN)............................................................................................29
WATERLINIECENTRUM (BOMB-PROOF BARACK)...............................................................................................31
III. PROTECTION FRAMEWORKS: HISTORICAL EVOLUTION IN A TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE...............................31
VENICE....................................................................................................................................................32
LANDSCAPE PROTECTION MODELS.................................................................................................................32
IV. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES..........................................................................................................34
NATURE-CULTURE DICHOTOMY (TWEEDELING)................................................................................................34
NATURE-CULTURE INTERLINKAGES................................................................................................................35
LECTURE 7: LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE WADDEN SEA REGION ..........................36
WADDEN SEA LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS............................................................................................................36
I. PERSPECTIVES ON WADDEN SEA HERITAGE/LANDSCAPE RELATIONS............................................................36
1. A NATURAL VERSUS A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE..............................................................................................37
2. ALL IS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE (RENES).......................................................................................................37
3. ALL IS LANDSCAPE (SCHEPERS).................................................................................................................37
II. WHAT IS THE WADDEN SEA REALLY?..................................................................................................37
THE ISLANDS............................................................................................................................................37
COAST.....................................................................................................................................................38
,Lecture 1: Introduction
What is heritage?
Something that changes / a concept that changes overtime.
Something cultural that can be passed down (can be a land/ industrial/ military
/ architectural heritage)
From monuments to heritage:
- Preserving just the building is not enough, the area is also part of the heritage.
, - What: expansion from what we consider heritage (monuments, groups of
buildings, sites)
- Why: from integrity to significance (values and attributes tangible and
intangible)
UNESCO and other heritage organisations
- Who: from experts (axiomatic approach) to society (relativistic approach)
Cultural heritage is a group of recourses inherited from the past which people
identify, independently of ownership, as a reflection and expression of their
constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions. It includes all aspects
of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through
time.
Intangible (ontastbaar)
Materiality is less important than tradition and building techniques (buildings fade)
(native tribes)
• Tangible (tastbaar) items = monuments, artifacts, buildings
• Intangible (ontastbaar) items = traditions, languages, practices
Examples of heritage
1. Partenon in Greece
2. Historic urban center of Florence
3. Van Nelle factory in Rotterdam
4. Mill’s Valley in Gragnano, Italy
5. Coal mine industrial complex in Essen, Germany
6. Fortifications of Naarden
Institutions
Rijksmonumenten (Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel erfgoed)
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
ICOMOS (International Council on monuments and sites)
IUCN (International Unions for the Conservation of Nature)
Why protect?
Examples:
Ise Shrine, Mei Prefecture, Japan
Uros in Peru
Nature-culture interlinkages
Landscape and heritage
How do architecture and landscape relate?
