Final Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (Latest 2025/ 2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology TEST BANK | 450 Questions with Verified Answers| 100% Correct |Grade A – Chamberlain.

Final Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (Latest 2025/ 2026
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Update) Advanced Pathophysiology TEST BANK | i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-




450 Questions with Verified Answers| 100%
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Correct |Grade A – Chamberlain. i,- i,- i,- i,-




What are the two main functions of the kidney Review diagram
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for anatomical structures
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Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because
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of having a shorter urethra. True/False
i,- True
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Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
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Increase water consumption i,- i,-




Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
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Taking more Vitamin D i,- i,- i,-




Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Increase water i,- i,-



consumption


A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
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Fever
Flank pain i,-

,Urgency
Decreased Urination i,- i,-i,- i,- Urgency


Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary
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tract infection?
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It is usually asymptomatic
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Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
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Bacteria are located mostly in the lower urinary tract
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Is associated with young adults
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Can be caused by a structural
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urinary tract disorder i,- i,-




Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a
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urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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Perimenopause i,-




Frequent showering i,- i,-




Marathon running i,- i,-




Pregnancy i,-i,- i,- Pregnancy


1. Where do bacteria commonly come from in UTI's
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2. Where can a UTI occur?
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,3. It is more common for women to develop a UTI especially
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when 1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary
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epithelium to cause inflammation and infection i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-




2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder,
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ureter, or kidney i,- i,-




3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with
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estrogen-deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-



where the normal bacteria flora is diminished
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1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and
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hide from the immune cells. The bacteria can form biofilms-what
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is this?
i,-




2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic
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shock or bacterimia i,- i,- i,-




Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is
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much shorter) 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms
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that allow them to stick to one another and adhere to surfaces
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that help them survive.
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2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract.
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This causes the colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the
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bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to the
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kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection becomes
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an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the bacteria can
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spread into the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia
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, UTI risk factors
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1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. why?
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2. The female ureter is shorter and
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3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk because
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4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor especially if women use
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5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a major cause of a UTI
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1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle
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that causes stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize
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2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
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3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness
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promoting an environment for bacteria growth. i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-




4. spermicides
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5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an
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ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that then
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form biofilms. This results in epithelial damage
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Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders
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1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the urinary tract
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2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the individual experiences
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(blank) Other common symptoms include i,- i,- i,- i,-




3. initially, a urine dipstick can be performed to identify
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hematuria, proteinuria, and the presence of nitrites. The presence
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of nitrites
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