biol 200 midterm Exams questions and Answers
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biological characteristics of prokaryotes - ✔✔-unicellular
-rigid cell walls
-have dna
-lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes
-no sexual reproduction
implications of being very small - ✔✔-high sensitivity to environmental changes
-rapid reproduction
-high rate of living
-defined by aquatic continuum
-restricted mobility
microbial acquisition of nutrients - ✔✔-rigid cell walls precludes phagocytosis
-uptake across cell membrane is restricted to small organics and inorganics
-many have resource storage capacity as granules or inclusion bodies
prokaryotic reproduction - ✔✔1) duplication of circular chromosome
2) cell elongation
3) ingrowth of plasma membrane (and possible attachment of DNA)
4) ingrowth of cell wall
environmental factors on prokaryotic cell growth - ✔✔-water availability
,-pH
-temp
-oxygen
-nutrients
-waste accumulation
genetic variability in prokaryotes - ✔✔-mutation plus rapid generation time
-genetic transfers (conjugation, transformation, transduction)
transduction - ✔✔movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages
differences between archaea and bacteria - ✔✔- Ribosomal RNA sequence data
- Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan (no N-acetyl muramic acid).
- Archaeal cytoplasmic membrane lipids have branched chain fatty acids that may
extend through the membrane.
- The initial amino acid in protein synthesis in Archaea is methionine rather than formyl-
methionine, which is used in bacteria.
- Archaeal RNA polymerase is similar to eukaryotic RNA pol II.
- Archaeal flagella are simple protein threads that rotate like those of bacteria, but they
are very different. Archaea flagella are not hollow tubes, they are solid. Assembly differs
from bacterial flagella too.
Chemoheterotrophs - ✔✔An organism that must consume organic molecules for
both energy and carbon.
aerobic respiration - ✔✔requires oxygen
anaerobic respiration - ✔✔Respiration that does not require oxygen
Photoautotrophs - ✔✔Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize
organic substances.
cyanobacteria - ✔✔Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis
evolutionary and ecological success of bacteria and archaea - ✔✔-long evolutionary
time
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