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biol 200 midterm Exams questions and Answers all Verified 100% Correct

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  • Biol 200
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  • Biol 200

biol 200 midterm Exams questions and Answers all Verified 100% Correct

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  • January 10, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • Biol 200
  • Biol 200
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biol 200 midterm Exams questions and Answers
all Verified 100% Correct
biological characteristics of prokaryotes - ✔✔-unicellular
-rigid cell walls
-have dna
-lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes
-no sexual reproduction



implications of being very small - ✔✔-high sensitivity to environmental changes
-rapid reproduction
-high rate of living
-defined by aquatic continuum
-restricted mobility



microbial acquisition of nutrients - ✔✔-rigid cell walls precludes phagocytosis
-uptake across cell membrane is restricted to small organics and inorganics
-many have resource storage capacity as granules or inclusion bodies



prokaryotic reproduction - ✔✔1) duplication of circular chromosome
2) cell elongation
3) ingrowth of plasma membrane (and possible attachment of DNA)
4) ingrowth of cell wall



environmental factors on prokaryotic cell growth - ✔✔-water availability

,-pH
-temp
-oxygen
-nutrients
-waste accumulation



genetic variability in prokaryotes - ✔✔-mutation plus rapid generation time
-genetic transfers (conjugation, transformation, transduction)



transduction - ✔✔movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages



differences between archaea and bacteria - ✔✔- Ribosomal RNA sequence data
- Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan (no N-acetyl muramic acid).
- Archaeal cytoplasmic membrane lipids have branched chain fatty acids that may
extend through the membrane.
- The initial amino acid in protein synthesis in Archaea is methionine rather than formyl-
methionine, which is used in bacteria.
- Archaeal RNA polymerase is similar to eukaryotic RNA pol II.
- Archaeal flagella are simple protein threads that rotate like those of bacteria, but they
are very different. Archaea flagella are not hollow tubes, they are solid. Assembly differs
from bacterial flagella too.



gram positive cell wall - ✔✔thick peptidoglycan layer



gram negative cell wall - ✔✔Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space

, -better at adapting to the environment



gram +ves - ✔✔-resistent to osmotic stress
-can form endospores
-usually chemoheterotrophs
-non-motile and without appendages



gram -ves - ✔✔-utilise periplasmic space for:
-nutrient aquisition
-nutrient processing
-detoxifying environment



Chemoheterotrophs - ✔✔An organism that must consume organic molecules for
both energy and carbon.



aerobic respiration - ✔✔requires oxygen



anaerobic respiration - ✔✔Respiration that does not require oxygen



Photoautotrophs - ✔✔Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize
organic substances.



cyanobacteria - ✔✔Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis



evolutionary and ecological success of bacteria and archaea - ✔✔-long evolutionary
time

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