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BIOL 200 Final Exams questions and Answers all Verified 100% Correc

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  • January 10, 2025
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BIOL 200 Final Exams questions and Answers all
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How does RNA differ from DNA? - ✔✔RNA common element is ribose sugar (2' OH &
3' OH); DNA common element is deoxyribose sugar (3' OH only).



L-amino acids common element - ✔✔Alpha carbon



L-amino acid characteristic element - ✔✔Amino side chain "R"



L-amino acid joining sites - ✔✔Amino group (NH2); Carboxyl group (COOH)



Hydrophobic amino acids (8) - ✔✔Ala (Alanine), Val (Valine), Ile (Isoleucine), Leu
(Leucine), Met (Methionine), Phe (Phenylalanine), Tyr (Tyrosine), Trp (Tryptophan)



Hydrophilic amino acids (9) - ✔✔Ser (Serine), Thr (Threonine), Asn (Asparagine), Gln
(Glutamine), Arg (Arginine), His (Histidine), Lys (Lysine), Asp (Aspartic Acid), Glu
(Glutamic Acid)



Special amino acids (3) - ✔✔Cys (Cysteine), Gly (Glycine), Pro (Proline)



DNA strands are held together by - ✔✔Hydrogen bonds between heterocyclic bases



How many H-bonds in an A - T base pair? - ✔✔2



How many H-bonds in a G-C base pair? - ✔✔3

,Tm is the temperature at which DNA is 1/2 denatured. Tm increases with... -
✔✔Proportion of G-C pairs and chain length



DNA polymerase generates DNA from a DNA template - ✔✔Replication



RNA polymerase generates RNA from a DNA template. - ✔✔Transcription



Ribosomes generate proteins from an RNA template. - ✔✔Translation


The 3' OH of the growing nucleic acid attacks which part of the incoming NTP? -
✔✔alpha phosphate


True or False: Growing nucleic acid chains interact DIRECTLY with the incoming NTPs. -
✔✔True. The 3' OH of the chain attacks the alpha phosphate of the incoming NTP.


True or False: Growing proteins interact DIRECTLY with the incoming aminoacyl tRNA. -
✔✔False. tRNA acts as an adaptor between the template and growing chain.


True or False: In both Transcription and Replication, there are start and stop sites on the
template. - ✔✔False. This is only true for transcription. For replication, there are only
start sites.



Codon - ✔✔3 base sequence on mRNA that is translated into an amino acid.



Why do we say that the genetic code is redundant? - ✔✔There are 64 possible
codons, but only 20 amino acids.

,Stop Codons - ✔✔Codons that do not code any amino acid. These are : UAA, UAG &
UGA



Start Codon - ✔✔One codon codes for methionine: AUG. All proteins start their
synthesis with Met.



Proteins - ✔✔Linear polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.



Primary Structure (protein) - ✔✔The specific sequence of amino acids.



Hydrophobic Effect - ✔✔Hydrophobic molecules in an aqueous solution aggregate.



Use entropy to explain the hydrophobic effect. - ✔✔Water molecules surrounding
hydrophobic molecules adopt a cage-like organization with high entropy. Coalescing
hydrophobic molecules reduces the number of low entropy water molecules, raising the
overall entropy.



Oil drop model of protein folding - ✔✔Proteins fold to minimize the contact of
hydrophobic amino acids with the aqueous (cellular) environment without help.



Secondary structure (protein) - ✔✔Local conformations of the polypeptide backbone.



Alpha-Helix - ✔✔A protein secondary structure in which the polypeptide backbone
coils into a spiral shape.


In an alpha helix, the carbonyl O of amino acid 'n' forms a ____ bond with the amino
group H of amino acid _____. - ✔✔Hydrogen; n+4

, The tilted axis of hydrogen bonds in an alpha helix drives periodicity of ____
residues/turn. - ✔✔3.6



Beta-Sheet - ✔✔Folding pattern found in many proteins in which neighboring regions
of the polypeptide chain associate side by side with each other through hydrogen bonds
to give a rigid, flattened structure.


In a beta sheet, ____ bonds link adjacent strands so that amino acids protrude _____ &
_____ the plane of the sheet. - ✔✔Hydrogen; above & below


True or False: Secondary structures are mainly formed by covalent interactions. -
✔✔False. Hydrogen bonding.



Tertiary Structure (proteins) - ✔✔The overall conformation of the polypeptide.


True or False: Most structure-driving interactions among amino acids in a protein are
non-covalent. - ✔✔True.



Sulfide Bonding - ✔✔A covalent bond interaction important to protein structure.
Occurs between Cysteine residues.



Motifs (proteins) - ✔✔Combinations of secondary structure forming distinct local 3D
structures.



How do you spot a potential coiled-coil motif? - ✔✔Indicated by heptad repeats:
every fourth chain in the amino acid sequence will be hydrophobic.

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