TEST BANK
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
THE BRIDGE TO PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE
8TH EDITION
CHAPTER NO. 01: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF NURSING
IN THE UNITED STATES
MULTIPLE RESPONSE QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. Benefits of the apprenticeship model of nursing education included: (Select all that apply.)
a. a well-trained graduate nursing hospital staff.
b. opportunities for further education in nursing.
c. providing a skilled but inexpensive workforce.
d. providing working-class women employment.
e. reforms in the care of sick and injured individuals.
ANS: C, D, E
Nursing students provided the staffing for hospitals in exchange for their education. Nursing
gave working-class women employment alternatives to domestic or factory work. The use of
skilled, trained nurses decreased morbidity and mortality, and this benefit was evident in both
civilian and military health care. Graduate nurses were typically employed as private duty
nurses and did not remain working in hospitals. Further education for graduate nurses was
rare; a postdiploma program was opened in 1899, but the first undergraduate college nursing
program was not opened until 1909.
2. When nursing registration laws were enacted, a “registered nurse” was defined as someone
who had: (Select all that apply.)
a. attended an acceptable nursing program.
b. fit the definition of a professional nurse.
c. had not been convicted of any felonies.
d. passed a board evaluation examination.
, e. studied under a standardized curriculum.
ANS: A, D
One of the two criteria for being a registered nurse was having attended an acceptable nursing
program. The other criterion for being a registered nurse was having passed a board
examination. A weakness of the early registration laws was a lack of definition of professional
nursing practice. Background checks were not part of the early registry laws. Universal
education standards were still lacking in 1903 when the first registry law was passed in North
Carolina.
3. Nurses in private duty positions faced several hardships, including: (Select all that apply.)
a. a shortage of nurses as schools limited enrollment.
b. a surplus of nurses starting in the mid-1920s.
c. employment that was sporadic and seasonal.
d. opportunities primarily working with poorer families.
e. pay that continued to be lower than other jobs.
ANS: B, C, E
The increased enrollment in schools led to a surplus of graduate nurses. Because
communicable illnesses were often seen in the cooler months, employment for private duty
nurses was seasonal. According to the Geister report (1926), nurses made less money than
scrubwomen and worked in mostly short-term private duty cases. Schools were pressured to
increase enrollment as the hospital census began to rise for the first time. Only the middle to
upper class could afford to hire private duty nurses.
4. Community health nursing has been vital in shaping America’s health system and nursing in
general by providing: (Select all that apply.)
a. advocacy regarding matters of health and welfare.
b. autonomous nursing practice in patients’ homes.
c. means to check on patients’ compliance with treatment.
d. novel activities in health promotion and disease prevention.
e. treatment that didn’t rely on the patient’s ability to pay.
, ANS: A, D
Community health nurses expanded nursing services to new areas, including school,
industrial, tuberculosis, and infant welfare nursing. They combined their training and
knowledge to educate the public and served as the backbone for the Maternal and Infant Act
of 1921. Community health nurses combined their training and knowledge to bring education
to the public to promote health and well-being. Private duty nurses had always been the
mainstay of nursing work; these nurses worked semi-autonomously in patients’ homes. A
system for determining compliance was not a part of the developing health care system in this
country. The use of community health nursing increased because of concern with the public’s
health, not the patient’s ability to pay.
5. Social events surrounding the Great Depression that had a major impact on American’s
emerging health care system included: (Select all that apply.)
a. Blue Cross was developed as a prepaid health insurance plan.
b. large hospitals experienced increasing numbers of nonpaying patients.
c. many hospitals found their nursing schools too expensive to operate.
d. nurses were hired in hospitals in increasing numbers.
e. religious orders began supplying trained nurses, cutting the cost of nursing.
ANS: A, B, C, D
The development of Blue Cross helped hospitals’ financial stability by providing patients who
were able to pay for care. Large hospitals, particularly those in cities, experienced more
patients who needed medical care but were unable to afford it because of the economic
hardships of the Depression. A total of 570 training programs for nurses were closed because
of prohibitive costs during the decade of the Depression. As hospital care became more
sophisticated, more nurses were hired as staff. By 1941, more than 100,000 registered nurses
were employed in hospitals. Religious orders did not provide trained nurses to hospitals to
decrease the cost of the nursing staff.
6. The development of associate degree (AD) nursing programs has had which effect on nursing
today? (Select all that apply.)
a. A wider student pool has been able to study nursing.
, b. AD programs have helped ease the nursing shortage.
c. Hospitals have been influenced to close their training programs.
d. Social status for graduates of nursing programs has improved.
e. The public has suffered some confusion about nursing education.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Nontraditional students, such as mothers and older students, have found it convenient to study
nursing at community colleges. More nurses enter the profession via AD programs than
through baccalaureate and diploma programs combined. As college education for nurses
became more widespread and accepted, hospital directors became convinced to close their
expensive programs, lessening the burden of hiring a professional nursing staff. The public
and nursing suffer from confusion about the educational requirements for becoming a
registered nurse. AD programs do not necessarily contribute to the improved social status of
nurses.
7. Enrollment in college-based nursing programs was initially hindered by: (Select all that
apply.)
a. a lack of qualified applicants.
b. little social and financial support.
c. poorly trained faculty members.
d. restrictive admissions criteria.
ANS: A, B
Nursing education differed from medical education, which had seen a rise in stature as a result
of social support and financial endowments. Aspiring nurses found the time and monetary
commitment to be too great compared with diploma programs. Poorly trained faculty
members were not a factor in limited enrollment into college programs. Restrictive admissions
criteria were not a factor in limited enrollment into college programs.
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
THE BRIDGE TO PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE
8TH EDITION
CHAPTER NO. 01: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF NURSING
IN THE UNITED STATES
MULTIPLE RESPONSE QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. Benefits of the apprenticeship model of nursing education included: (Select all that apply.)
a. a well-trained graduate nursing hospital staff.
b. opportunities for further education in nursing.
c. providing a skilled but inexpensive workforce.
d. providing working-class women employment.
e. reforms in the care of sick and injured individuals.
ANS: C, D, E
Nursing students provided the staffing for hospitals in exchange for their education. Nursing
gave working-class women employment alternatives to domestic or factory work. The use of
skilled, trained nurses decreased morbidity and mortality, and this benefit was evident in both
civilian and military health care. Graduate nurses were typically employed as private duty
nurses and did not remain working in hospitals. Further education for graduate nurses was
rare; a postdiploma program was opened in 1899, but the first undergraduate college nursing
program was not opened until 1909.
2. When nursing registration laws were enacted, a “registered nurse” was defined as someone
who had: (Select all that apply.)
a. attended an acceptable nursing program.
b. fit the definition of a professional nurse.
c. had not been convicted of any felonies.
d. passed a board evaluation examination.
, e. studied under a standardized curriculum.
ANS: A, D
One of the two criteria for being a registered nurse was having attended an acceptable nursing
program. The other criterion for being a registered nurse was having passed a board
examination. A weakness of the early registration laws was a lack of definition of professional
nursing practice. Background checks were not part of the early registry laws. Universal
education standards were still lacking in 1903 when the first registry law was passed in North
Carolina.
3. Nurses in private duty positions faced several hardships, including: (Select all that apply.)
a. a shortage of nurses as schools limited enrollment.
b. a surplus of nurses starting in the mid-1920s.
c. employment that was sporadic and seasonal.
d. opportunities primarily working with poorer families.
e. pay that continued to be lower than other jobs.
ANS: B, C, E
The increased enrollment in schools led to a surplus of graduate nurses. Because
communicable illnesses were often seen in the cooler months, employment for private duty
nurses was seasonal. According to the Geister report (1926), nurses made less money than
scrubwomen and worked in mostly short-term private duty cases. Schools were pressured to
increase enrollment as the hospital census began to rise for the first time. Only the middle to
upper class could afford to hire private duty nurses.
4. Community health nursing has been vital in shaping America’s health system and nursing in
general by providing: (Select all that apply.)
a. advocacy regarding matters of health and welfare.
b. autonomous nursing practice in patients’ homes.
c. means to check on patients’ compliance with treatment.
d. novel activities in health promotion and disease prevention.
e. treatment that didn’t rely on the patient’s ability to pay.
, ANS: A, D
Community health nurses expanded nursing services to new areas, including school,
industrial, tuberculosis, and infant welfare nursing. They combined their training and
knowledge to educate the public and served as the backbone for the Maternal and Infant Act
of 1921. Community health nurses combined their training and knowledge to bring education
to the public to promote health and well-being. Private duty nurses had always been the
mainstay of nursing work; these nurses worked semi-autonomously in patients’ homes. A
system for determining compliance was not a part of the developing health care system in this
country. The use of community health nursing increased because of concern with the public’s
health, not the patient’s ability to pay.
5. Social events surrounding the Great Depression that had a major impact on American’s
emerging health care system included: (Select all that apply.)
a. Blue Cross was developed as a prepaid health insurance plan.
b. large hospitals experienced increasing numbers of nonpaying patients.
c. many hospitals found their nursing schools too expensive to operate.
d. nurses were hired in hospitals in increasing numbers.
e. religious orders began supplying trained nurses, cutting the cost of nursing.
ANS: A, B, C, D
The development of Blue Cross helped hospitals’ financial stability by providing patients who
were able to pay for care. Large hospitals, particularly those in cities, experienced more
patients who needed medical care but were unable to afford it because of the economic
hardships of the Depression. A total of 570 training programs for nurses were closed because
of prohibitive costs during the decade of the Depression. As hospital care became more
sophisticated, more nurses were hired as staff. By 1941, more than 100,000 registered nurses
were employed in hospitals. Religious orders did not provide trained nurses to hospitals to
decrease the cost of the nursing staff.
6. The development of associate degree (AD) nursing programs has had which effect on nursing
today? (Select all that apply.)
a. A wider student pool has been able to study nursing.
, b. AD programs have helped ease the nursing shortage.
c. Hospitals have been influenced to close their training programs.
d. Social status for graduates of nursing programs has improved.
e. The public has suffered some confusion about nursing education.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Nontraditional students, such as mothers and older students, have found it convenient to study
nursing at community colleges. More nurses enter the profession via AD programs than
through baccalaureate and diploma programs combined. As college education for nurses
became more widespread and accepted, hospital directors became convinced to close their
expensive programs, lessening the burden of hiring a professional nursing staff. The public
and nursing suffer from confusion about the educational requirements for becoming a
registered nurse. AD programs do not necessarily contribute to the improved social status of
nurses.
7. Enrollment in college-based nursing programs was initially hindered by: (Select all that
apply.)
a. a lack of qualified applicants.
b. little social and financial support.
c. poorly trained faculty members.
d. restrictive admissions criteria.
ANS: A, B
Nursing education differed from medical education, which had seen a rise in stature as a result
of social support and financial endowments. Aspiring nurses found the time and monetary
commitment to be too great compared with diploma programs. Poorly trained faculty
members were not a factor in limited enrollment into college programs. Restrictive admissions
criteria were not a factor in limited enrollment into college programs.
