ADVANCED PHAMACOLOGY FOR CARE OF THE FAMILY . REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2025. A+ GRADE.

ADVANCED PHAMACOLOGY FOR CARE OF THE FAMILY . REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2025. A+ GRADE.


QUESTION: β-lactam antibiotic MOA - ANSWER-All antibiotics in class share the same mechanism of
action: disruption of the bacterial cell wall.




Inhibition of cell wall synthesis




QUESTION: Empiric Therapy - ANSWER-start treatment without cultures or prior to receiving the results
of a culture




QUESTION: immediate empiric antibiotics - ANSWER-Critically ill patients receive (Fill in the Answer)
after the first set of cultures obtained; do not wait for results.




QUESTION: Bactericidal antibiotics - ANSWER-Directly kill bacteria: Agents include aminoglycosides,
beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and
vancomycin.




preferred for immunocompromised patients such as those with diabetes, HIV, or cancer and for those
who have overwhelming infections

,QUESTION: Bacteriostatic agents - ANSWER-inhibit bacterial proliferation while the host's immune
system does the killing. Agents include clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines




QUESTION: β-lactam Antibiotics - ANSWER-Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams




QUESTION: Penicillins MOA - ANSWER-Weaken bacterial cell wall by two actions:

(1) inhibition of transpeptidases

(2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.




QUESTION: PBPs (Penicillin Binding Proteins) - ANSWER-Transpeptidases, Autolysins, and other bacterial
enzymes are collectively named as because antibiotic class must bind to them to produce antibacterial
effects.




QUESTION: gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER-two layers: the cytoplasmic membrane and a relatively
thick cell wall; penicillins are generally very active against these organisms.




QUESTION: gram-negative bacteria - ANSWER-three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, a relatively thin
cell wall, and an additional outer membrane; only certain penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) are able to cross
and reach penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)




QUESTION: Four Major Groups of Penicillins - ANSWER-(1) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are
penicillinase sensitive

,(2) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase resistant (antistaphylococcal penicillins)




(3) broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)




(4) extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins).




QUESTION: narrow-spectrum penicillins: Penicillinase sensitive penicillins - ANSWER-Penicillin G,
Penicillin V




QUESTION: narrow-spectrum penicillinase sensitive susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Streptococci,
Neisseria, anaerobes




QUESTION: very narrow antimicrobial spectrum and are used only against penicillinase-producing
strains of staphylococci (S. aureus and S. epidermidis). - ANSWER-narrow-spectrum penicillins:
penicillinase resistant penicillins




QUESTION: narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase resistant penicillins - ANSWER-Nafcillin, Oxacillin,
Dicloxacillin




QUESTION: narrow-spectrum- penicillinase resistant susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-S. Aureus, S.
Epidermidis

, QUESTION: Drugs of choice for most staphylococcal infections - ANSWER-penicillinase-resistant
penicillins (Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin)




QUESTION: Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins - ANSWER-Ampicillin, Amoxicillin




QUESTION: Broad spectrum Aminopenicillin susceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Haemophilus influenzae,
Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae




QUESTION: Extended spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillin) - ANSWER-Piperacillin




QUESTION: Has the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin G, plus increased activity against certain
gram-negative bacilli, including Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella -
ANSWER-Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins




QUESTION: First line for acute otitis media and sinusitis - ANSWER-Amoxicillin




QUESTION: Extended spectrum penicillins suceptible pathogens - ANSWER-Haemophilus influenzae,
Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas, enterobactor,
klebsiella




QUESTION: Principle pathogenic target of Piperacillin - ANSWER-Pseudomonas aeruginosa