NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY// ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY/NEWEST
2025 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS//WELL GRADED A+//LATEST UPDATE
What is oxidative phosphorylation? - CORRECT ANSWERS-occurs in the mitochondria
and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins is transferred to ATP.
What is endocytosis and exocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Endo= into the cell
(engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete).
What is active transport? - CORRECT ANSWERS-requires the cell to expend energy
(by means of ATP) to move larger molecules and molecular complexes
What is pinocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the
budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane. (drinking)
How is endocytosis done? - CORRECT ANSWERS-when the substance to be
transported is engulfed by a segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that
moves into the cell.
What is phagocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the ingestion of bacteria or other
material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans. (eating)
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-receptor-mediated
endocytosis to selectively take up specific molecules or complexes of molecules that
cannot diffuse or move through transport proteins
What is diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What happens after endocytosis occurs? - CORRECT ANSWERS-lysosomal enzymes
process and digest material
What is osmosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane
What is filtration? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the measurement of water and solutes
through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure.
What is hydrostatic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the mechanical force of water
pushing against cellular membranes.
,What is oncotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Osmotic pressure exerted by
colloids in solution.
What is osmotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The amount of hydrostatic
pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water
How are cells specialized? - CORRECT ANSWERS-through the process of
differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - CORRECT ANSWERS-movement,
conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and
communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cellular
injury causing cellular self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the largest
membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions
of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - CORRECT ANSWERS-an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the
space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer
nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid
components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-a network of
smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is
responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-saclike structures
that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes
are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as
amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-involved in the production and
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-The major workhorses of the
cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases
, What are mitochondria responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWERS-. Mitochondria contain
the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the "bone and muscle" of the cell.
The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including
microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS-encloses the cell and, by
controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on
metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The transfer of molecular signals
from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - CORRECT ANSWERS-protein
homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of
ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic
systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-on the plasma membrane,
enable the cell to interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) the
extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane,
and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
(1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3)
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement,
and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) they form protein channels
(gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other
cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - CORRECT ANSWERS-contact-dependent,
paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is
required for active transport.
What is anabolism? - CORRECT ANSWERS-energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the energy-releasing process of
metabolism
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY/NEWEST
2025 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS//WELL GRADED A+//LATEST UPDATE
What is oxidative phosphorylation? - CORRECT ANSWERS-occurs in the mitochondria
and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins is transferred to ATP.
What is endocytosis and exocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Endo= into the cell
(engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete).
What is active transport? - CORRECT ANSWERS-requires the cell to expend energy
(by means of ATP) to move larger molecules and molecular complexes
What is pinocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the
budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane. (drinking)
How is endocytosis done? - CORRECT ANSWERS-when the substance to be
transported is engulfed by a segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that
moves into the cell.
What is phagocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the ingestion of bacteria or other
material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans. (eating)
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-receptor-mediated
endocytosis to selectively take up specific molecules or complexes of molecules that
cannot diffuse or move through transport proteins
What is diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What happens after endocytosis occurs? - CORRECT ANSWERS-lysosomal enzymes
process and digest material
What is osmosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane
What is filtration? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the measurement of water and solutes
through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure.
What is hydrostatic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the mechanical force of water
pushing against cellular membranes.
,What is oncotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Osmotic pressure exerted by
colloids in solution.
What is osmotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The amount of hydrostatic
pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water
How are cells specialized? - CORRECT ANSWERS-through the process of
differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - CORRECT ANSWERS-movement,
conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and
communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cellular
injury causing cellular self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the largest
membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions
of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - CORRECT ANSWERS-an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the
space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer
nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid
components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-a network of
smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is
responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-saclike structures
that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes
are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as
amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-involved in the production and
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-The major workhorses of the
cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases
, What are mitochondria responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWERS-. Mitochondria contain
the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the "bone and muscle" of the cell.
The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including
microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS-encloses the cell and, by
controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on
metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The transfer of molecular signals
from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - CORRECT ANSWERS-protein
homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of
ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic
systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-on the plasma membrane,
enable the cell to interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) the
extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane,
and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
(1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3)
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement,
and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) they form protein channels
(gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other
cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - CORRECT ANSWERS-contact-dependent,
paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is
required for active transport.
What is anabolism? - CORRECT ANSWERS-energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the energy-releasing process of
metabolism
