NUR242/ NUR 242 Medical-Surgical Nursing
Exam 3 | Questions and Verified ANSWERs with
Rationales| 100% Correct| Grade A- Galen
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER -velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER -resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x
radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER -the resistance goes
up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER -the top of the lungs are
more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER -lung capacitance;
low resistance system; flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER -vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER -pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER -capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion; concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER
acidemia; hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER
alkalemia; hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER -deficient blood oxygen; low
PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen
, What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased
toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER -greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER -increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER -dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER -respiratory acidosis (decreased
pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER -subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER -decreased sense of wellness which may
cause psychological and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER -lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER -cigarette smoking; asbestos;
familial predisposition
What is ventilation? - ANSWER -the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER -the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER -increased H+ in the brain
ECF; increased
PaCO2;
, "hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER -decreased pH;
increased PaCO2; decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER -lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER -surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER -opposition to flow caused by the forces of
friction; primarily determined by airway radius
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER -cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum); hoarseness; chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER -squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%); adenocarcinoma (20-40%); small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - ANSWER -foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords); trauma
What is complete acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER -inspiratory chest movements
but no air movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
What is partial acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER -stridor (harsh vibrating noise),
wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions (chest moving inward)
What are some respiratory disorders in children? - ANSWER -upper airway infections:
viral croup, spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis; lower airway infections: acute
bronchiolitis
What is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)? - ANSWER -inflammation of the larynx with a
sudden onset;
barking cough with stridor
What are the manifestations of viral croup? - ANSWER -febrile; upper
respiratory infection precedes
Exam 3 | Questions and Verified ANSWERs with
Rationales| 100% Correct| Grade A- Galen
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER -velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER -resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x
radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER -the resistance goes
up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER -the top of the lungs are
more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER -lung capacitance;
low resistance system; flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER -vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER -pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER -capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion; concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER
acidemia; hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER
alkalemia; hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER -deficient blood oxygen; low
PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen
, What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER -decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased
toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER -greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER -increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER -dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER -respiratory acidosis (decreased
pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER -subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER -decreased sense of wellness which may
cause psychological and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER -lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER -cigarette smoking; asbestos;
familial predisposition
What is ventilation? - ANSWER -the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER -the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER -increased H+ in the brain
ECF; increased
PaCO2;
, "hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER -decreased pH;
increased PaCO2; decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER -lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER -surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER -opposition to flow caused by the forces of
friction; primarily determined by airway radius
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER -cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum); hoarseness; chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER -squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%); adenocarcinoma (20-40%); small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - ANSWER -foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords); trauma
What is complete acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER -inspiratory chest movements
but no air movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
What is partial acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER -stridor (harsh vibrating noise),
wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions (chest moving inward)
What are some respiratory disorders in children? - ANSWER -upper airway infections:
viral croup, spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis; lower airway infections: acute
bronchiolitis
What is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)? - ANSWER -inflammation of the larynx with a
sudden onset;
barking cough with stridor
What are the manifestations of viral croup? - ANSWER -febrile; upper
respiratory infection precedes
