1
UNMC PATHO EXAM 2 UPDATE ACTUAL EXAM ALL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+
•
Function of the immune system - (answers)1) to protect the body from
invasion by foreign antigens - foreign substances that trigger the immune
response
2) to identify and destroy potentially harmful cells
3) to remove cellular debris
What accomplishes the functions of the immune system? - (answers)lymphoid
organs & specifically designed lymphocytes through the process of antibody-
mediated immune response & cell-mediated immune response.
General types of immune alterations
- immune system acts inappropriately - (answers)1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
4) Deficiency / insufficient
What immune alterations are due to hypersensitivity reactions? - (answers)1)
Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
Exaggerated - (answers)overreaction against environmental antigens
Allergic reaction = small
, 2
Anaphylactic reaction = same as allergic reaction, but bigger
Misdirected against host's own cells - (answers)autoimmunity = sees own cells
as being foreign & destroys them.
Directed against beneficial foreign tissues - (answers)isoimmunity = body's
immune reponse against beneficial foreign tissue - i.e. organ transplants
Hypersensitivity - (answers)A pathologic immune response
An exaggerated AND inappropriate immune response
1) Exaggerated
2) Autoimmunity
3) Isoimmunity
Autoimmunity - (answers)Breakdown of that "code of recognition"
Body's immune system begins to recognize self as foreign
Autoimmunity
Etiology - (answers)Related To:
Genetics
Exposure to antigens - thought to alter membranes and the expression of self-
DNA, and induce this autoimmunity
Isoimmunity - (answers)Body's immune system reacts against tissues of usually
other members of the same species
i.e. organ transplant
, 3
Types of Hypersensitivity - (answers)1) Type I - Allergy/Anaphylaxis
2) Type II - Tissue-specific reaction
3) Type III - Immune-complex mediated reactions
4) Type IV - Cell-mediated reactions
Hypersensitivity Type I - (answers)Allergy / Anaphylaxis
IgE-mediated allergic reactions
Hypersensitivity Type II - (answers)Tissue specific reaction
Blood Transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity Type III - (answers)Immune-complex mediated reactions
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in tissues
i.e. Lupus
Hypersensitivity Type IV - (answers)Cell-mediated reactions
Involve T cells, macrophages
i.e. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Allergy / Anaphylaxis - (answers)A rapid, immediate hypersensitivity reactions
upon re-exposure to an antigen
*** No reaction with initial exposure
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Pathophysiology - (answers)Primary Exposure:
1) B cells comes in contact with Allergen
2) IgE produced
, 4
3) IgE sits on receptor of Mast Cell
Secondary Exposure - when exposed to allergen again:
1) Mast cell degranulation
2) Release of histamine & leukotrienes
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Manifestations - (answers)Related to Release of histamine & leukotrienes:
Localized: local inflammation
Systemic - related to where histamine receptors are located:
* Bronchial constriction & laryngeal edema
* Skin - itching/pruritis & redness/erythema
* GI - abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
* Mucus membranes - increased secretions - nasal, eyes water
* Vasculature - increased vascular permeability & vasodilation ***Anaphylactic
Shock = Life threatening, dropped BP, not perfusing
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - SLE
aka Lupus - (answers)chronic, autoimmune, multi-system inflammatory
disease
Lupus
Incidence - (answers)One of the most common
Increased frequency in females
Onset age 20-40
Genetic predisposition
What level(s) of hypersensitivity is Lupus? - (answers)Level III - mostly
UNMC PATHO EXAM 2 UPDATE ACTUAL EXAM ALL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+
•
Function of the immune system - (answers)1) to protect the body from
invasion by foreign antigens - foreign substances that trigger the immune
response
2) to identify and destroy potentially harmful cells
3) to remove cellular debris
What accomplishes the functions of the immune system? - (answers)lymphoid
organs & specifically designed lymphocytes through the process of antibody-
mediated immune response & cell-mediated immune response.
General types of immune alterations
- immune system acts inappropriately - (answers)1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
4) Deficiency / insufficient
What immune alterations are due to hypersensitivity reactions? - (answers)1)
Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
Exaggerated - (answers)overreaction against environmental antigens
Allergic reaction = small
, 2
Anaphylactic reaction = same as allergic reaction, but bigger
Misdirected against host's own cells - (answers)autoimmunity = sees own cells
as being foreign & destroys them.
Directed against beneficial foreign tissues - (answers)isoimmunity = body's
immune reponse against beneficial foreign tissue - i.e. organ transplants
Hypersensitivity - (answers)A pathologic immune response
An exaggerated AND inappropriate immune response
1) Exaggerated
2) Autoimmunity
3) Isoimmunity
Autoimmunity - (answers)Breakdown of that "code of recognition"
Body's immune system begins to recognize self as foreign
Autoimmunity
Etiology - (answers)Related To:
Genetics
Exposure to antigens - thought to alter membranes and the expression of self-
DNA, and induce this autoimmunity
Isoimmunity - (answers)Body's immune system reacts against tissues of usually
other members of the same species
i.e. organ transplant
, 3
Types of Hypersensitivity - (answers)1) Type I - Allergy/Anaphylaxis
2) Type II - Tissue-specific reaction
3) Type III - Immune-complex mediated reactions
4) Type IV - Cell-mediated reactions
Hypersensitivity Type I - (answers)Allergy / Anaphylaxis
IgE-mediated allergic reactions
Hypersensitivity Type II - (answers)Tissue specific reaction
Blood Transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity Type III - (answers)Immune-complex mediated reactions
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in tissues
i.e. Lupus
Hypersensitivity Type IV - (answers)Cell-mediated reactions
Involve T cells, macrophages
i.e. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Allergy / Anaphylaxis - (answers)A rapid, immediate hypersensitivity reactions
upon re-exposure to an antigen
*** No reaction with initial exposure
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Pathophysiology - (answers)Primary Exposure:
1) B cells comes in contact with Allergen
2) IgE produced
, 4
3) IgE sits on receptor of Mast Cell
Secondary Exposure - when exposed to allergen again:
1) Mast cell degranulation
2) Release of histamine & leukotrienes
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Manifestations - (answers)Related to Release of histamine & leukotrienes:
Localized: local inflammation
Systemic - related to where histamine receptors are located:
* Bronchial constriction & laryngeal edema
* Skin - itching/pruritis & redness/erythema
* GI - abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
* Mucus membranes - increased secretions - nasal, eyes water
* Vasculature - increased vascular permeability & vasodilation ***Anaphylactic
Shock = Life threatening, dropped BP, not perfusing
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - SLE
aka Lupus - (answers)chronic, autoimmune, multi-system inflammatory
disease
Lupus
Incidence - (answers)One of the most common
Increased frequency in females
Onset age 20-40
Genetic predisposition
What level(s) of hypersensitivity is Lupus? - (answers)Level III - mostly
