Final Exam Week 8: NR507 / NR 507
(Latest ) Advanced
Pathophysiology | Questions &
Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain
Question:
Which of the following relate to medial medullary syndrome?
a. Facial symptoms ipsilateral to the lesion
b. Body symptoms contralateral to the lesion
c. Decreased proprioception
d. All of the above
Answer:
all
Question:
The onset of hemiparesis, aphasia or homonymous hemianopsia in a
hemorrhagic stroke indicates that the bleed is not confined to the
subarachnoid space.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
,This statement is true. The onset of hemiparesis, aphasia or homonymous
hemianopsia in a hemorrhagic stroke indicates that the bleed is not confined
to the subarachnoid space.
Question:
Which of the following microbes plays a role in the development of rosacea?
a. Demodex mites
b. H. pylori
c. Staphylococcal organisms
d. All of the above
Answer:
All play a role in the development of rosacea.
Question:
Rosacea is characterized by an itchy facial rash that:
a. Is alleviated with the use of topical creams
b. Is typically related to starting a new medication
c. Is contagious
d. Stings and burns
Answer:
Rosacea is characterized by stinging and burning facial rash. None of the
other choices are true of rosacea.
,Question:
Factors that can trigger rosacea include:
Answer:
Exposure to extreme temperatures
Strenuous exercise
Severe sunburn
Stress and anxiety
Cold wind
Hot and spicy foods
Alcohol ingestion
Foods and beverages that contain caffeine
Other triggering factors include:
Medications
H. pylori
Demodex mites
Presence of cathelicidin
Question:
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is characterized by persistent central/facial
erythema and telangiectasias.
True or False
Answer:
This statement is true. Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is characterized by
persistent central/facial erythema and telangiectasias.
, Question:
Pathophysiology of Rosacea
Answer:
Although the exact cause of rosacea is unknown, there are several theories
that may help to explain its underlying causes:
Aberrant innate immune system: Activation of the innate immune system
causes the release of cytokines and antimicrobial molecules such as peptide
cathelicidin. They also envelope viruses and fungi. In rosacea, the peptide
cathelicidin is unregulated and therefore, leads to an over response of the
innate immune system.
Ultraviolet radiation: this is thought to trigger angiogenesis and increase
production of reactive oxygen species that leads to upregulation of matrix
metalloproteinases (MMPs) that result is damage to the blood vessels and
dermal matrix. MMPs are a group of enzymes responsible for the breakdown
of most extracellular proteins during organogenesis, growth and normal
tissue turnover.
Vascular changes: there is increased blood flow in skin with associated
flushing with rosacea that may be the result of an elevated expression of
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and lymphatic endothelial markers
that suggests stimulation of blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells.
Epidermal barrier dysfunction: there is increased epidermal water loss which
allows for the skin to become irritated easily
Neurogenic inflammation: the sensory nerves release mediators at the site of
inflammation that results in vasodilation and loss of plasma proteins.
Inflammatory cells are also recruited to the area. This mechanism is not well-
understood.
Microbes: Demodex mites: part of normal skin but are found in abundance in
patients with rosacea. Infestation is associated with infiltration of CD4+
helper cells H. pylori Staphylococcal organisms: is thought to play a role in
the development of rosacea but not exactly clear about how.
(Latest ) Advanced
Pathophysiology | Questions &
Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain
Question:
Which of the following relate to medial medullary syndrome?
a. Facial symptoms ipsilateral to the lesion
b. Body symptoms contralateral to the lesion
c. Decreased proprioception
d. All of the above
Answer:
all
Question:
The onset of hemiparesis, aphasia or homonymous hemianopsia in a
hemorrhagic stroke indicates that the bleed is not confined to the
subarachnoid space.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
,This statement is true. The onset of hemiparesis, aphasia or homonymous
hemianopsia in a hemorrhagic stroke indicates that the bleed is not confined
to the subarachnoid space.
Question:
Which of the following microbes plays a role in the development of rosacea?
a. Demodex mites
b. H. pylori
c. Staphylococcal organisms
d. All of the above
Answer:
All play a role in the development of rosacea.
Question:
Rosacea is characterized by an itchy facial rash that:
a. Is alleviated with the use of topical creams
b. Is typically related to starting a new medication
c. Is contagious
d. Stings and burns
Answer:
Rosacea is characterized by stinging and burning facial rash. None of the
other choices are true of rosacea.
,Question:
Factors that can trigger rosacea include:
Answer:
Exposure to extreme temperatures
Strenuous exercise
Severe sunburn
Stress and anxiety
Cold wind
Hot and spicy foods
Alcohol ingestion
Foods and beverages that contain caffeine
Other triggering factors include:
Medications
H. pylori
Demodex mites
Presence of cathelicidin
Question:
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is characterized by persistent central/facial
erythema and telangiectasias.
True or False
Answer:
This statement is true. Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is characterized by
persistent central/facial erythema and telangiectasias.
, Question:
Pathophysiology of Rosacea
Answer:
Although the exact cause of rosacea is unknown, there are several theories
that may help to explain its underlying causes:
Aberrant innate immune system: Activation of the innate immune system
causes the release of cytokines and antimicrobial molecules such as peptide
cathelicidin. They also envelope viruses and fungi. In rosacea, the peptide
cathelicidin is unregulated and therefore, leads to an over response of the
innate immune system.
Ultraviolet radiation: this is thought to trigger angiogenesis and increase
production of reactive oxygen species that leads to upregulation of matrix
metalloproteinases (MMPs) that result is damage to the blood vessels and
dermal matrix. MMPs are a group of enzymes responsible for the breakdown
of most extracellular proteins during organogenesis, growth and normal
tissue turnover.
Vascular changes: there is increased blood flow in skin with associated
flushing with rosacea that may be the result of an elevated expression of
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and lymphatic endothelial markers
that suggests stimulation of blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells.
Epidermal barrier dysfunction: there is increased epidermal water loss which
allows for the skin to become irritated easily
Neurogenic inflammation: the sensory nerves release mediators at the site of
inflammation that results in vasodilation and loss of plasma proteins.
Inflammatory cells are also recruited to the area. This mechanism is not well-
understood.
Microbes: Demodex mites: part of normal skin but are found in abundance in
patients with rosacea. Infestation is associated with infiltration of CD4+
helper cells H. pylori Staphylococcal organisms: is thought to play a role in
the development of rosacea but not exactly clear about how.
