HOSA NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE
LIFESPAN (INFANCY, CHILDHOOD,
ADULTHOOD, THE ELDERLY,
PREGNANCY, AND LACTATION) EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Best time to feed infants - Answer-on demand
Infants average eating schedule - Answer-every 2-4 hours
Most rapid period of growth in life - Answer-first year of life
Baby doubles birth rate by what age - Answer-6 months
Baby triples birth rate by which age - Answer-1 year
Calories needed per kilogram for infants - Answer-98-108
Protein needed per kilogram up to 6 months - Answer-2.2 grams
Protein needed per kilogram up to 1 year - Answer-1.6 grams
Water needed per calorie for infants - Answer-1.5 ml
Innate supply of iron lasts how long - Answer-3-6 months
Breast milk provides everything needed in the first 4-6 months of life except ___ -
Answer-Vitamin D
What vitamin do infants lack at birth and need a supplement for - Answer-Vitamin K
Excess vitamin A in infancy can cause - Answer-bone abnormalities and liver damage
Excess vitamin D in infancy can cause - Answer-cardiovascular system damage and
kidney damage
Benefits to breastfeeding - Answer-sanitary, quick, cheap, provides immunity, sterile,
easily digestible, generally doesn't cause allergic reactions, provides a stronger bond
,b/w infant and mother, lowers load on kidneys, promotes oral development, decreases
risk of obesity and diabetes
infant nursing rate - Answer-every 2-4 hours for 10-15 minutes
Growth spurt times - Answer-10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months
signs of adequate nutritional intake - Answer->6 wet diapers a day, normal growth, 1-2
mustard colored BM's a day, decreased breast fullness
Benefits to the mother of breastfeeding - Answer-lowers uterus size, controls
postpartum bleeding, and lowers weight. Also possibly lowers risk of breast cancer and
osteoporosis
why should breast-milk never be warmed in the microwave - Answer-it destroys the
antibodies
Proper feeding procedure/position - Answer-the baby should be held semi-upright to
prevent fluid pooling in the ears. it should be burped afterward
Formulas are oftentimes based on _________ milk - Answer-cow
Differences between a cow and human milk - Answer-Cow has more protein and more
mineral salts, but less lactose
what water must be used with formula - Answer-sterile or boiled tap water
Effect of ingestion of cow milk in infants under 1 - Answer-protein is hard to digest and
the fat is less available, causing gastrointestinal blood loss
Effect of keeping bottles with the infant over night - Answer-decreased saliva production
will contribute to tooth decay and can cause protrusion of the upper jaw, "baby bottle
mouth"
Time to introduce solid foods to infants - Answer-breast milk up until 4-6 months, and
remaining the major food source up to a year
WIC Program - Answer-provides education and nutritional foods free to pregnant
women, mothers, and infants to promote good health
Indications an infant is ready for solid food - Answer-physical ability to pull food into
mouth, willingness to participate, ability to sit-up w/ support, neck/head control, nursing
8-10 times in 24 hours
Introduction period for new foods in infants - Answer-introduction and then nothing for 4-
5 days
, Introduction chain of foods to infants - Answer-cereal, oat, wheat, mixed cereal,
cooked/pureed veggies, cooked/pureed fruits, egg yolk, and finely ground meats
servings of foods for infants - Answer-2-4 tablespoons of each variety of food
suggested juice amount for infants - Answer-4 oz of 100% fruit juice
Indications of a full infant - Answer-playing with the nipple/bottle, looking around, falling
asleep, playing with food
Exposure to salt and starchy foods in infancy can cause _____ - Answer-a later
dependence on salt additives
Average formula intake in a feeding - Answer-5-6 oz for younger infants, 6-8 oz for older
infants
Sucking reflex is developed at what age - Answer-34 weeks
Premature infant classification - Answer-Before 37 weeks
best nutrition for a premature infant - Answer-breast milk
When does the weaning process officially begin - Answer-When the first spoon full of
normal food is given
Nutritional problems with Cystic Fibrosis - Answer-Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
(85%) causing a lack of digestive enzymes and malabsorption of fats
Galactosemia - Answer-1/30k live births, lack of transferase which converts galactose to
glucose causing buildup resulting in cataracts, galactosuria, mental retardation,
diarrhea, vomiting, and edema
Galactosemia treatment - Answer-must remain lactose free, nutritional supplements of
calcium, vitamin D, and riboflavin,
Phenylketonuria - Answer-lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase necessary for
metabolism of phenylalanine causing seizures and mental retardation. Typically have
light skin and hair
Phenylketonuria treatments - Answer-carefully monitored diet, special formula called
Lofenalac, and synthetic milk like phenyl-free, PKU-1, PKU-2, and PKU-3
Maple Syrup Urine Diseases - Answer-inability to metabolize leucine, isoleucine, and
valine, affects 1/100k-300k births causing ketosis buildup and eventual death by
acidosis
LIFESPAN (INFANCY, CHILDHOOD,
ADULTHOOD, THE ELDERLY,
PREGNANCY, AND LACTATION) EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Best time to feed infants - Answer-on demand
Infants average eating schedule - Answer-every 2-4 hours
Most rapid period of growth in life - Answer-first year of life
Baby doubles birth rate by what age - Answer-6 months
Baby triples birth rate by which age - Answer-1 year
Calories needed per kilogram for infants - Answer-98-108
Protein needed per kilogram up to 6 months - Answer-2.2 grams
Protein needed per kilogram up to 1 year - Answer-1.6 grams
Water needed per calorie for infants - Answer-1.5 ml
Innate supply of iron lasts how long - Answer-3-6 months
Breast milk provides everything needed in the first 4-6 months of life except ___ -
Answer-Vitamin D
What vitamin do infants lack at birth and need a supplement for - Answer-Vitamin K
Excess vitamin A in infancy can cause - Answer-bone abnormalities and liver damage
Excess vitamin D in infancy can cause - Answer-cardiovascular system damage and
kidney damage
Benefits to breastfeeding - Answer-sanitary, quick, cheap, provides immunity, sterile,
easily digestible, generally doesn't cause allergic reactions, provides a stronger bond
,b/w infant and mother, lowers load on kidneys, promotes oral development, decreases
risk of obesity and diabetes
infant nursing rate - Answer-every 2-4 hours for 10-15 minutes
Growth spurt times - Answer-10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months
signs of adequate nutritional intake - Answer->6 wet diapers a day, normal growth, 1-2
mustard colored BM's a day, decreased breast fullness
Benefits to the mother of breastfeeding - Answer-lowers uterus size, controls
postpartum bleeding, and lowers weight. Also possibly lowers risk of breast cancer and
osteoporosis
why should breast-milk never be warmed in the microwave - Answer-it destroys the
antibodies
Proper feeding procedure/position - Answer-the baby should be held semi-upright to
prevent fluid pooling in the ears. it should be burped afterward
Formulas are oftentimes based on _________ milk - Answer-cow
Differences between a cow and human milk - Answer-Cow has more protein and more
mineral salts, but less lactose
what water must be used with formula - Answer-sterile or boiled tap water
Effect of ingestion of cow milk in infants under 1 - Answer-protein is hard to digest and
the fat is less available, causing gastrointestinal blood loss
Effect of keeping bottles with the infant over night - Answer-decreased saliva production
will contribute to tooth decay and can cause protrusion of the upper jaw, "baby bottle
mouth"
Time to introduce solid foods to infants - Answer-breast milk up until 4-6 months, and
remaining the major food source up to a year
WIC Program - Answer-provides education and nutritional foods free to pregnant
women, mothers, and infants to promote good health
Indications an infant is ready for solid food - Answer-physical ability to pull food into
mouth, willingness to participate, ability to sit-up w/ support, neck/head control, nursing
8-10 times in 24 hours
Introduction period for new foods in infants - Answer-introduction and then nothing for 4-
5 days
, Introduction chain of foods to infants - Answer-cereal, oat, wheat, mixed cereal,
cooked/pureed veggies, cooked/pureed fruits, egg yolk, and finely ground meats
servings of foods for infants - Answer-2-4 tablespoons of each variety of food
suggested juice amount for infants - Answer-4 oz of 100% fruit juice
Indications of a full infant - Answer-playing with the nipple/bottle, looking around, falling
asleep, playing with food
Exposure to salt and starchy foods in infancy can cause _____ - Answer-a later
dependence on salt additives
Average formula intake in a feeding - Answer-5-6 oz for younger infants, 6-8 oz for older
infants
Sucking reflex is developed at what age - Answer-34 weeks
Premature infant classification - Answer-Before 37 weeks
best nutrition for a premature infant - Answer-breast milk
When does the weaning process officially begin - Answer-When the first spoon full of
normal food is given
Nutritional problems with Cystic Fibrosis - Answer-Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
(85%) causing a lack of digestive enzymes and malabsorption of fats
Galactosemia - Answer-1/30k live births, lack of transferase which converts galactose to
glucose causing buildup resulting in cataracts, galactosuria, mental retardation,
diarrhea, vomiting, and edema
Galactosemia treatment - Answer-must remain lactose free, nutritional supplements of
calcium, vitamin D, and riboflavin,
Phenylketonuria - Answer-lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase necessary for
metabolism of phenylalanine causing seizures and mental retardation. Typically have
light skin and hair
Phenylketonuria treatments - Answer-carefully monitored diet, special formula called
Lofenalac, and synthetic milk like phenyl-free, PKU-1, PKU-2, and PKU-3
Maple Syrup Urine Diseases - Answer-inability to metabolize leucine, isoleucine, and
valine, affects 1/100k-300k births causing ketosis buildup and eventual death by
acidosis
