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Volledige samenvatting (19/20) - Management Controle en Kostenbeheersing 2024(D9X08A) Prof. Roodhooft (HIR/TEW)

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Deze samenvatting behandelt het deel Management Controle van het vak Management Controle and Kostenbeheersing (prof. Filip Roodhooft).De inhoud is volledig maar ook to-the-point, zonder overbodige informatie. Het deel Cost Management is gemakkelijker te studeren uit het boek adhv de voorbeelden. Academiejaar .

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Part 1: Management control and management control systems

1 Introduction to management control
1.1 Management control
= systematic process by which the organization’s higher-level managers influence the organization’s lower-level managers to
implement the organization’s strategies
Decentralization = most important reason for the need for management control (agency theory based)
1.2 Need for control: why?
1. Decentralized managers do not automatically understand the goals and strategies developed by higher level management,
nor how they can contribute to these goals and strategies à als je ze niet kent, hoe ga je dan bijdragen?
Goals:
- Non for profit: mission statement
- For profit:
Financiële doelstelling
o Winst, profitable growth door groei (prijs ­, volume ­)
o Shareholder value: EVA (bv. Coca Cola, Siemens)
Financële doelstelling gecombineerd met andere
o Tripple bottom-line: Profit People Planet
o CSR: corporate social responsibility
o ESG: environment, social, government
Strategie = manier om goal te bereiken

2. DM do not automatically agree with organizational goals and strategies developed by HL-M à als we ze kennen, zijn we het
dan eens?
- Principal-agent: verschillende nutsfuncties
- Ze zijn het niet eens owv andere private informatie bv. staan dichter bij de markt
3. DM do not automatically have the resources needed to act with organizational goals and strategies developed by HL-M à
als we het eens zijn, hebben we dan genoeg middelen?
- Resource allocation & juiste persoon op de juiste plaats

1.3 Firm size
Hoe groter een bedrijf, hoe belangrijker MC

Top-down function of MC Bottom-up function of MC
1. Don’t understand Explain S&G in an operational way Report on goal achievement, provide input when goals
G&S are unrealistic
Support coordination across business functions at
decentralized level Enable coordination and cooperation with other
decentralized units

2. Don’t agree Motivate lower-level managers to strive for Facilitate higher-level managers to benefit from the
organizational goals specialized skills and knowledge of lower-level
managers

3. Don’t have the Resource allocation, develop personal skills of lower- Enable lower-level managers to acquire the support
resources level managers: juiste persoon op de juiste plaats and resources to execute their responsibilities


1.4 Management and control
MC (1, 2 & 5) is part of the overall managerial function:
1. Planning: strategie definiëren en plannen wat we nodig hebben
2. Organizing: resources inzetten om planning waar te maken
3. Staffing: juiste mensen op de juiste plaats
4. Leading: anderen motiveren, inspireren
5. Controlling: of we (1) ook bereikt hebben bereikt achteraf

1

,Management controle:
- Integreert deze verschillende dimensies
- Connecteert verschillende niveaus van het bedrijf
- Tools en technieken < management accounting

1.5 Accounting and control
MC uses MA information:
1. Scorecard keeping: performance measurment
2. Attention directing: bijsturen
3. Problem solving: hoe bijsturen > decision making
MA = interne rapportering (redenen: voorraadwaardering + winstbepaling, nemen van beslissingen, aansturing)
Redenen voor een sterke connectie tussen MA en MC:
1. The importance of money as the overall measure of organizational performance = puur financieel
2. The general importance of the organization’s overall accounting system to satisfy the information needs of the
organization’s stakeholders = ook niet financiële, strategische elementen
1.6 Human behavior
MC gaat over het uitlokken van gewenst gedrag van DM; we willen maximale doelcongruentie realiseren, er is echter altijd een
residual loss, anders zijn de kosten van MC té hoog
Managers are motivated by goals or targets that they are asked to achieve
Goals kunnen een positief effect hebben op effort (inpanningen leveren, direction of effort, volhouden)
- When goals are clear and directional (bv. targets op EVA, je moet weten wat EVA is)
- When goals are not too distant (haalbaar, distant in time: heb je er zelf impact op?)
- When achievement is valued positively
Attention points:

- Goals should be aligned with strategy
- Multiple goals reduce clarity and direction à niet te veel verschillende goals
- Goals may be seen as a threat; moeten haalbaar zijn
Managers are motivated by rewards that they get from their efforts
Rewards are the price paid for products and services of managers (financial/not financial):
- Variation in their dependence on output
- Controlled by labor laws (je kan niet zomaar doen wat je wil)
- Variety across firms and functions
Aandachtspunten:

- Reward mag niet gezien worden als een fixed salary
- Rewards kunnen interne competitive verhogen
- Performance en rewards moeten gematcht worden in tijd > reward op hetzelfde moment als goede performance
Managers are motivated by the social context in which they work = informal
Externe factoren: work ethics, locatie (bv. Silicon Valley) /= social context per sector bv farma vs bouwsector
Interne factoren: organizational culture, management/leadership style, tone-at-the-top

Aandachtspunten:
- Culture explains control differences (zie 3.4 national culture)
- Culture explains that organizations are not easily changed
- Culture can also be used as a control bv J&J


2

,2 Designing management control systems
2.1 Objects of control à waarop willen we een impact?
Control of..
- The individual DM
- The management team the manager is part of
- The unit that the management team supervise
- All units with management teams
- The whole organization
2.2 Elements of control
Control device à entity being controlled:
- Detector: rapporteren waar we nu staan, actuals (thermometer)
- Assessor: vergelijken met een standaard bv. budget of met variantieanalyse (temperatuur vergelijken met gewenste)
à hoe standaard zetten?
- Effector: bijsturen, coordineren (airco activeren of verwarming hoger zetten)
à interventie is niet automatisch, vergt interactie met anderen => coordinatie nodig
2.3 Control model
Drie niveau’s:

1. Manager/inputcontrole
= juiste persoon op de juiste plaats
§ Staffing, recruitement, strategische jobs
§ Development, competence management, opleidingen geven,
introductieprogramma’s
§ Culture building: warden van de organisatie zodat mensen
deze kunnen naleven
2. Decisions/effort/troughput controle
= impact op beslissingen van manager, gedrag inperken
§ Delegation of authority: wie mag wat doen (authority matrix: tot welke euro mag wie wat uitgeven)
§ Delegation of responsibility: decentralisatie
§ Prescribing behaviors: regels, procedures bv. code of conduct, prikklok
3. Results/output/performance controle = belangrijkste
§ Stating performance targets: KPI’s
§ Linking performance to rewards: pay for performance
§ Linking performance to promotion
Opmerkingen:

- In elke organisatie: combinatie van de drie niveaus
- Voor elk van de elementen kijken: loose vs tight control
- In control vs out of control (goed vs slecht)

2.4 Strategy, management control and task control
Management control activities:
- Planning what the organization should do
- Coordinating the activities of several parts of the organization
- Communicating information
- Evaluating information
- Deciding what, if any, action should be taken
- Influencing people to change their behavior




3

, Termijn Future Planning vs control Activity Nature of end products
orientedness
LT Future Planning STRATEGY Goals, strategies and policies = startpunt MC
FORMULATION Bv. Change D/E ratio, revise inventory speculation
policy
Planning/control MANAGEMENT Implementation of strategies
CONTROL Bv. Issue new debt, decide inventory levels
KT Heden Control TASK CONTROL Efficient and effective performance of individual
tasks bv. optimale bestelmomenten, cash planning
Bv. Manage cash flows, reorder an item
Hoe systematisch is dit: voor task control zijn er voor alles modellen, voor strategy niet

2.5 Framework for strategy implementation




/goals volgens onze strategie




Part 2: The environment and strategy of organizations
Fit vs misfit ~ contingency theory: er moet een fit zijn tussen MC systeem en stratgy & environment: goede fit = goede performance

3 Organizations and their environment
3.1 Shareholders and stakeholders
The shareholder view => UK, US
- Owners have the legal power to close the company -> ADH moet central staan
- Main objective = give return on owners’ investments
- Main concern for MC = creating value for owners
- Short term (private equity, beurzen, venture capitalists) vs. long term (familiebedrijven)
The stakeholder view => Europe, Japan
- A company has a number of equally important objectives
- Input from all stakeholders is crucial for the companies survival
- Main concern = balancing the demands from the stakeholders
Stakeholders = individuals and groups of individuals that both contribute to and benefit from the organization
à owners (shareholders), customers, employees, suppliers, lenders, society




4

, 3.2 Goals of the organization: vanuit en afhankelijk van de view
- Owners high profitability, low risk
- Customers bv. market share, customer satisfaction, market image
- Employees bv. employee satisfaction and competence
- Suppliers bv. price, quality, timely deliveries, good relationships
- Lenders bv. solvency, liquidity, good relationships
- Society bv. law abiding, good ethics

3.3 Two major trends
Corporate goverance => shareholder theorie
1. Verandering in ownershipstructuur
vroeger familiebedrijven, holdings: staan dicht bij de bedrijven = industrial capitalism
nu bedrijven in handen van pensioenfondsen (return generenen voor klanten) = financial capitalism (kopen en VK)
= vervreemding tussen geldverschaffers en bedrijven
2. Setback by finanical crisis
PE en venture capitalists werden veel belangrijker voor de kapitaalverschaffing van bedrijven = de-listing
plafonnering van de beurskoersen, mensen gingen middelen in PE steken
3. Financiele crisisen en accountingschandalen

Deze drie redenen leidden tot verhoogde interesse van de ADH in de running van de bedrijven
Leidde tot verhoogde internal control door allerlei regeltjes en frameworks (bv. code Lippens, SOX): allemaal
regels/means/middelen om de kleine aandeelhouder beter te beschermen, ervoor te zorgen dat ze beter vertegenwoordigd zijn
Means of corporate governance:
- Raden van bestuurd met onafhankelijke bestuurders (/= CEO) => verschillende belangen
- Committees:
o Audit committee
o Renumeratie committee: bepaalt bonussen van de top
o Strategisch committee
- Financial reporting: regels
- Incentives aan top management
- Internal control, internal audit, external audit
- Investor meetings

Corporate social responsibility => stakeholder theorie
- = reactie op shareholder value, triggered door accounting scandals, anti-globalization demonstraties
- Kofi Annan quote => global vision and leadership
Means of CSR:
- Code of conduct
- Sustainability reporting = ESG reporting (verplicht)
- Internal reporting channels bv. C02 emissies
- Culture and values, personal example, storytelling, training, intranet (=informele elementen)

3.4 The environment of the organization
Dynamics, certainty and complexity – stability: FIT VAN ENVIRONMENT = 1e vb

Mechanisch management system => stabiele situaties Organisch/dynamisch management system => changing
- Top down impact - Horizontale elementen, decentralisatie
Specialization through the breaking down of tasks Cooperation through contribution to the common task

Well-defined responsibility bv. profitcenter Commitment beyond definition
Internal knowledge and skills Knowledge about external environment


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