STUDY GUIDE
Davis Advantage for Understanding
Medical-Surgical Nursing 7th Edition
By Hopper, Williams, All Chapter's 1 - 57
1
,(DavisbAdvantagebforbUnderstandingbMedical-SurgicalbNursing,b7ebLindabWilliams,bPaulabHopper)
Answers
CHAPTER 1 b
tobcollectbappropriatebdata,bidentifybabpatientbproblem,bandb
determinebthebbestbpossiblebplanbofbaction.bClinicalbjudgment
CRITICAL THINKING,
b
bisbbasedbonbgoodbcriticalbthinking.
CLINICAL JUDGMENT, ANDTHE
b b b b
Cue
b
NURSING PROCESS b
Definition:bSignificantborbrelevantbdata.bNotballbdatabare
cuesb(relevant),bbutballbcuesbarebdata.
AUDIOb CASEb STUDY Collaboration
Janeb Practicesb Clinicalb Judgment Definition:bWorkingbtogetherbwithbthebhealthbteambtobimp
rovebpatientboutcomes.
1. Identifybandbanalyzebcues;bprioritizebhypotheses;bgeneratebsoluti
ons;btakebaction;bevaluateboutcomes;brepeat. Intervention
2. Janebwasbexhausted,bfailedbabtest,bandbwasbpulledbinbtoobman Definition:bTakingbactionbtobcarryboutbabplan.
ybdirections.bShebwasbalsobcryingbinbherbcarbandbhadbpoorbstud
Evaluation
ybhabitsbandbnotbenoughbsleep.
3. Jane’sbresourcesbincludedbabgoodbfriend,bsickbtimebfrombwork Definition:bComparingbtheboutcomesbyoubexpectedbwithbactu
,bandbwastedbtimebbetweenbclassesbthatbshebcouldbbetterbutili alboutcomes.bDidbthebplanbwork?bWerebexpectedboutcome
ze.bYourbresourcesbwillbbebdifferent,bbutbtheybexist! sbmet?
4. Criticalbthinking— Vigilance
thebwhy:bJanebusesbcriticalbthinkingbtobdeterminebwhybherbcur Definition:bThebactbofbbeingbattentive,balert,bandbwatchful.
rentbplanbisn’tbworking.bShebthinksbhonestlybaboutbherbpoorbs
tudybhabits,bherbtime- CRITICALb THINKINGb ANDb CLINICALbJUDGMENT
bmanagementbproblems,bandbthebimpactbthisbisbhavingbonbherb
andbherbfamily. Criticalbthinkingbandbclinicalbjudgmentbbothbfollowbabsimilarbforma
Clinicalbjudgment— t.bBothbfollowbstepsbfrombcollectingbdatabtobdetermin-
thebdo:bJanebusesbherbthinkingbtobdevelopbandbcarryboutbabplanbt bingbproblemsbandboutcomes,bdevelopingbandbtakingbactions,bandb
hatbusesbherbresourcesbandbprovidesbmorebproductivebstudybtim evaluatingboutcomes.bHowever,bcriticalbthinkingbhelpsbyoubthinkb
ebandbmorebqualitybtimebwithbherbkids. aboutbthebproblem:bWhatbisbit?bWhybisbitbhappen-
bing?bAndbclinicalbjudgmentbleadsbyoubtobdobsomethingbtobmanageb
VOCABULARY thebproblem.
SamplebsentencesbwillbvarybforbthebVocabularybproblems. CUEb RECOGNITION
Nursingb process Youbwillbdobmanybthingsbforbeachbindividual,bbutbthebFIRSTbthingbisblistedb
Definition:bAnborganizingbframeworkbthatblinksbthinkingbwithbnu below.
rsingbactions.bStepsbincludebassessment/databcollection,bnursi
ngbdiagnosis,bplanning,bimplementation,bandbevaluation. 1. Sitbthebpatientbupright.
2. Callb911bwhilebrunningbacrossbthebstreet.
Criticalbthinking 3. Elevatebthebfeetboffbthebbedbbybplacingbabpillowbunderbthebcalve
Definition:bThebusebofbthosebcognitiveb(knowledge)bskillsborbstra sbandballowingbthebfeetbtobhangboffbthebedgebofbthebpillow.
tegiesbthatbincreasebthebprobabilitybofbabdesirableboutcome.bAl 4. Checkbbloodbglucosebandbhavebabglucosebsourcebready.
sobinvolvesbreflection,bproblem- 5. Turnbthebpatientbtobthebsidebtobpreventbaspiration.
solving,bandbrelatedbthinkingbskills.
Clinicalbjudgment
Definition:bThebobservedboutcomebofbcriticalbthinkingbandbdecisio
nbmaking.bAbprocessbthatbusesbnursingbknowledge
,2 Chapterb1 Answers
CRITICALb THINKING
Thisbisbjustbonebpossiblebwaybtobcompletebabcognitivebmap.
Couldbitbbeblow Amb Ib diabetic? Frontalbarea "Sick"b feeling Hard Tylenolbhelps Hungerbmakes
bloodbsugar? itbworse
Patient's Wherebisbit Quality Aggravatingb and
perception ? alleviatingb factors
Foodb helps
Headache
Usefulb other Severity Timing
data
Sometimesb feel Motherbis 7–8b onb 0– Lastsb1– Beforebmeals Earlybinbth
sickb tob stomac diabetic 10 2bhours e
h scale onceb starts morning
REVIEWb QUESTIONS takingbvitalbsigns;bdatabcollectionbisbthebfirstbstepbinbthebnursi
ngbprocess.b(2,b3,b4)bareballbstepsbinbthebnursingbprocess,bforb
Thebcorrectbanswersbarebinbboldface.
whichbthebregisteredbnursebisbresponsible;bthebLPN/LVNbma
1. (2)bCriticalbthinkingbcanbleadbtobbetterboutcomesbforbthebpatie ybassistbthebregisteredbnursebwithbthese.bNitroglycerinbshouldb
nt.b(1,b3,b4)bmaybbebtruebbutbarebnotbthebbestbanswer. notbbebadministeredbwithoutbfirstbknowingbthebpatient’sbblood
2. (4)bisbcorrect.bThebnursebwhobcanbadmitbtobnotbknowingbsom bpressure.
ethingbisbexhibitingbintellectualbhumility.b(1)bshowsbexpertiseb 7. (2)bindicatesbthatbthebpatientbisbconcernedbaboutbfreedombfro
butbnotbnecessarilybintellectualbhumility; mbinjurybandbharm.b(1)brelatesbtobbasicbneedsbsuchbasbair,boxy
(2) reportingbanberrorbshowsbintellectualbintegrity; gen,bandbwater.b(3)brelatesbtobfeelingbloved.b(4)bisbrelatedbtobh
(3) empathizingbisbpositivebbutbdoesbisbnotbevidencebofbh avingbpositivebself-esteem.
umility. 8. (3,b1,b2,b4)bisbthebcorrectborderbaccordingbtobMaslow.
3. (3,b4,b5,b1,b2)bisbthebcorrectborder. 9. (5,b2,b1,b4,b6,b3)bisbthebcorrectborder.
4. (1)bisbthebbestbdefinition.b(2,b3,b4)bdobnotbdefinebcriticalbthin 10. (3)bshowsbthebpatientbisbactuallybtakingbaction.b(1,b2,b4)bareb
kingbbutbarebexamplesbofbgoodbthinking. allbpositivebbutbdobnotbshowbintentbtobtakebaction.
5. (4)bisbcorrect.bEvaluationbdeterminesbwhetherbgoalsbarebachiev 11. (4)bisbthebnurse’sbanalysisbofbthebsituation.b(1,b2)barebdata
edbandbinterventionsbeffective.b(2)bisbthebrolebofbthebphysician.b( ;b(3)bisbabrecommendation.
1,b3)bencompassbdatabcollectionbandbimple- 12. (1,b2,b3,b4)bshouldbbebpresent.bSincebthebdatabprovidesbonl
bmentation,bwhichbarebearlierbstepsbinbthebnursingbprocess. ybhipbreplacementbasbthebpatient’sbproblem,b(5)bthebdietitia
6. (1)bisbcorrect.bTheblicensedbpracticalbnurse/licensedbvoca- nbisbnotbnecessary.
btionalbnurseb(LPN/LVN)bcanbcollectbdata,bwhichbincludes
1
, Answers
CHAPTER 2 b EVIDENCE-BASEDb PRACTICE
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE b 1. proof
2. context
AUDIOb CASEb STUDY 3. quality
4. care
Marieb andb Evidence-Basedb Practice 5. randomized
1. Thirdhandbsmokebisbthebdangerousbtoxinsbofbsmokebthatblinge 6. outcomes
rbonbhair,bclothing,bfurniture,bandbotherbsurfacesbinbanbareabaf 7. gold
terbabcigarettebisbputbout.bMarieblearnedbthatbexposurebtobthe 8. nursing
sebtoxinsbcanbbebneurotoxicbtobchildrenbandbcanbtriggerbasth 9. patient’s
mabattacksbinbsensitivebpeople. 10. information
2. Evidence-
basedbpracticebisbconsideredbthebgoldbstandardbofbhealthbcare. CLINICALb JUDGMENT
3. Stepb1:bAskbthebburningbquestion.bStepb2:bSearchbandbcolle
ctbthebmostbrelevantbandbbestbevidencebavailable.bStepb3:bT 1. Bybquestioningbthebexistingbwaybofbdoingbthingsbtobensure
bthatbthebpatientbreceivesbthebbestbcarebpossible
hinkbcritically.bAppraisebthebevidencebforbvalidity,brelevanc
ebtobthebsituation,bandbapplicability. 2. Abthoroughbsearchbofbthebliterature,bwithbthebassistancebofbtheb
Stepb4:bMeasurebtheboutcomesbbeforebandbafterbinstitutingbthebc medicalblibrarian,binbthebareabofbtheirbburningbques-
btionbregardingbmusicbreducingbpreoperativebanxiety.
hange.bStepb5:bMakebitbhappen.bStepb6:bEvaluatebthebpracticebd
ecisionborbchange. 3. CumulativebIndexbtobNursingbandbAlliedbHealthbLiteratureb(
4. Combinationbtherapybwithbabnicotinebpatchbandbnicotineblozen CINAHL)bDatabase,bJoannabBriggsbInstitutebevidence-
gesbworkedbbest,balthoughbbupropionb(Zyban)borbvareniclineb( basedbresources,bCochranebReviews,bMedline/bPubMed
Chantix)bandbnicotineblozengesbworkedbwell,btoo.bAbCochraneb 4. Measurebpatientboutcomesbbeforebinstitutingbthebevidence-
Reviewbfoundbthatbadvicebandbsupportbfrombnursingbstaffbcanbi basedbchangebinbpracticebsobcomparisonsbcanbbebmadebafterbi
ncreasebpatients’bsuccessbinbquit- mplementationbtobdeterminebifbthebinter-bventionbworked
btingbsmoking,bespeciallybinbabhospitalbsetting. 5. Evaluatebthebresultsbtobdeterminebwhetherbthebchangebmad
ebabsignificantbdifferencebandbifbitbwasbvaluablebinbtermsbofbc
VOCABULARY ostbandbtime
SamplebsentencesbwillbvarybforbthebVocabularybproblems. REVIEWb QUESTIONS
1. Evidence- Thebcorrectbanswersbarebinbboldface.
basedbpractice:bAbsystematicbprocessbthatbusesbcurrentbevidenc
ebinbmakingbdecisionsbaboutbpatientbcare. 1. (3)bisbcorrect.bProvidingbanbexplanationbofbwhybsome-
2. Evidence- bthingbisbdonebpromotesbthebunderstandingbforbwhybitbisbimp
informedbpractice:bConsiderationbofbpatientbfactorsbalongbwithb ortantbtobbebdonebandbthereforebwillbmoreblikelybbebdone.b(
thebusebofbevidencebforbsharedbdecisionbmakingbbetweenbthebhea 1,b2,b4)bonlybcommunicatebthebneedbtobperformbabtask.bThey
lth-carebproviderbandbthebpatient. bdobnotbprovidebrationalebforbthebtaskbtobpro-
bmotebunderstandingbofbthebimportancebofbthebtask.
3. Randomizedbcontrolledbtrials:bTruebexperimentalbstudiesbinbw
hichbasbmanybfactorsbasbpossiblebthatbcouldbfalselybchangebtheb 2. (3)bisbcorrect.bEvidence-
resultsbarebcontrolled. basedbnursingbcarebthatbhasbbeenbevaluatedbasbappropriatebforba
4. Research:bScientificbstudy,binvestigation,borbexperimenta- nbagencybprovidesbthebbestbandbsafestbpatientbcare.b(1)bOpinion
btionbtobestablishbfactsbandbanalyze btheirbsignificance.
sbmaybnotbbebbasedbon
5. Systematicbreview:bAbreviewbofbrelevantbresearchbusingbguide
lines.
Davis Advantage for Understanding
Medical-Surgical Nursing 7th Edition
By Hopper, Williams, All Chapter's 1 - 57
1
,(DavisbAdvantagebforbUnderstandingbMedical-SurgicalbNursing,b7ebLindabWilliams,bPaulabHopper)
Answers
CHAPTER 1 b
tobcollectbappropriatebdata,bidentifybabpatientbproblem,bandb
determinebthebbestbpossiblebplanbofbaction.bClinicalbjudgment
CRITICAL THINKING,
b
bisbbasedbonbgoodbcriticalbthinking.
CLINICAL JUDGMENT, ANDTHE
b b b b
Cue
b
NURSING PROCESS b
Definition:bSignificantborbrelevantbdata.bNotballbdatabare
cuesb(relevant),bbutballbcuesbarebdata.
AUDIOb CASEb STUDY Collaboration
Janeb Practicesb Clinicalb Judgment Definition:bWorkingbtogetherbwithbthebhealthbteambtobimp
rovebpatientboutcomes.
1. Identifybandbanalyzebcues;bprioritizebhypotheses;bgeneratebsoluti
ons;btakebaction;bevaluateboutcomes;brepeat. Intervention
2. Janebwasbexhausted,bfailedbabtest,bandbwasbpulledbinbtoobman Definition:bTakingbactionbtobcarryboutbabplan.
ybdirections.bShebwasbalsobcryingbinbherbcarbandbhadbpoorbstud
Evaluation
ybhabitsbandbnotbenoughbsleep.
3. Jane’sbresourcesbincludedbabgoodbfriend,bsickbtimebfrombwork Definition:bComparingbtheboutcomesbyoubexpectedbwithbactu
,bandbwastedbtimebbetweenbclassesbthatbshebcouldbbetterbutili alboutcomes.bDidbthebplanbwork?bWerebexpectedboutcome
ze.bYourbresourcesbwillbbebdifferent,bbutbtheybexist! sbmet?
4. Criticalbthinking— Vigilance
thebwhy:bJanebusesbcriticalbthinkingbtobdeterminebwhybherbcur Definition:bThebactbofbbeingbattentive,balert,bandbwatchful.
rentbplanbisn’tbworking.bShebthinksbhonestlybaboutbherbpoorbs
tudybhabits,bherbtime- CRITICALb THINKINGb ANDb CLINICALbJUDGMENT
bmanagementbproblems,bandbthebimpactbthisbisbhavingbonbherb
andbherbfamily. Criticalbthinkingbandbclinicalbjudgmentbbothbfollowbabsimilarbforma
Clinicalbjudgment— t.bBothbfollowbstepsbfrombcollectingbdatabtobdetermin-
thebdo:bJanebusesbherbthinkingbtobdevelopbandbcarryboutbabplanbt bingbproblemsbandboutcomes,bdevelopingbandbtakingbactions,bandb
hatbusesbherbresourcesbandbprovidesbmorebproductivebstudybtim evaluatingboutcomes.bHowever,bcriticalbthinkingbhelpsbyoubthinkb
ebandbmorebqualitybtimebwithbherbkids. aboutbthebproblem:bWhatbisbit?bWhybisbitbhappen-
bing?bAndbclinicalbjudgmentbleadsbyoubtobdobsomethingbtobmanageb
VOCABULARY thebproblem.
SamplebsentencesbwillbvarybforbthebVocabularybproblems. CUEb RECOGNITION
Nursingb process Youbwillbdobmanybthingsbforbeachbindividual,bbutbthebFIRSTbthingbisblistedb
Definition:bAnborganizingbframeworkbthatblinksbthinkingbwithbnu below.
rsingbactions.bStepsbincludebassessment/databcollection,bnursi
ngbdiagnosis,bplanning,bimplementation,bandbevaluation. 1. Sitbthebpatientbupright.
2. Callb911bwhilebrunningbacrossbthebstreet.
Criticalbthinking 3. Elevatebthebfeetboffbthebbedbbybplacingbabpillowbunderbthebcalve
Definition:bThebusebofbthosebcognitiveb(knowledge)bskillsborbstra sbandballowingbthebfeetbtobhangboffbthebedgebofbthebpillow.
tegiesbthatbincreasebthebprobabilitybofbabdesirableboutcome.bAl 4. Checkbbloodbglucosebandbhavebabglucosebsourcebready.
sobinvolvesbreflection,bproblem- 5. Turnbthebpatientbtobthebsidebtobpreventbaspiration.
solving,bandbrelatedbthinkingbskills.
Clinicalbjudgment
Definition:bThebobservedboutcomebofbcriticalbthinkingbandbdecisio
nbmaking.bAbprocessbthatbusesbnursingbknowledge
,2 Chapterb1 Answers
CRITICALb THINKING
Thisbisbjustbonebpossiblebwaybtobcompletebabcognitivebmap.
Couldbitbbeblow Amb Ib diabetic? Frontalbarea "Sick"b feeling Hard Tylenolbhelps Hungerbmakes
bloodbsugar? itbworse
Patient's Wherebisbit Quality Aggravatingb and
perception ? alleviatingb factors
Foodb helps
Headache
Usefulb other Severity Timing
data
Sometimesb feel Motherbis 7–8b onb 0– Lastsb1– Beforebmeals Earlybinbth
sickb tob stomac diabetic 10 2bhours e
h scale onceb starts morning
REVIEWb QUESTIONS takingbvitalbsigns;bdatabcollectionbisbthebfirstbstepbinbthebnursi
ngbprocess.b(2,b3,b4)bareballbstepsbinbthebnursingbprocess,bforb
Thebcorrectbanswersbarebinbboldface.
whichbthebregisteredbnursebisbresponsible;bthebLPN/LVNbma
1. (2)bCriticalbthinkingbcanbleadbtobbetterboutcomesbforbthebpatie ybassistbthebregisteredbnursebwithbthese.bNitroglycerinbshouldb
nt.b(1,b3,b4)bmaybbebtruebbutbarebnotbthebbestbanswer. notbbebadministeredbwithoutbfirstbknowingbthebpatient’sbblood
2. (4)bisbcorrect.bThebnursebwhobcanbadmitbtobnotbknowingbsom bpressure.
ethingbisbexhibitingbintellectualbhumility.b(1)bshowsbexpertiseb 7. (2)bindicatesbthatbthebpatientbisbconcernedbaboutbfreedombfro
butbnotbnecessarilybintellectualbhumility; mbinjurybandbharm.b(1)brelatesbtobbasicbneedsbsuchbasbair,boxy
(2) reportingbanberrorbshowsbintellectualbintegrity; gen,bandbwater.b(3)brelatesbtobfeelingbloved.b(4)bisbrelatedbtobh
(3) empathizingbisbpositivebbutbdoesbisbnotbevidencebofbh avingbpositivebself-esteem.
umility. 8. (3,b1,b2,b4)bisbthebcorrectborderbaccordingbtobMaslow.
3. (3,b4,b5,b1,b2)bisbthebcorrectborder. 9. (5,b2,b1,b4,b6,b3)bisbthebcorrectborder.
4. (1)bisbthebbestbdefinition.b(2,b3,b4)bdobnotbdefinebcriticalbthin 10. (3)bshowsbthebpatientbisbactuallybtakingbaction.b(1,b2,b4)bareb
kingbbutbarebexamplesbofbgoodbthinking. allbpositivebbutbdobnotbshowbintentbtobtakebaction.
5. (4)bisbcorrect.bEvaluationbdeterminesbwhetherbgoalsbarebachiev 11. (4)bisbthebnurse’sbanalysisbofbthebsituation.b(1,b2)barebdata
edbandbinterventionsbeffective.b(2)bisbthebrolebofbthebphysician.b( ;b(3)bisbabrecommendation.
1,b3)bencompassbdatabcollectionbandbimple- 12. (1,b2,b3,b4)bshouldbbebpresent.bSincebthebdatabprovidesbonl
bmentation,bwhichbarebearlierbstepsbinbthebnursingbprocess. ybhipbreplacementbasbthebpatient’sbproblem,b(5)bthebdietitia
6. (1)bisbcorrect.bTheblicensedbpracticalbnurse/licensedbvoca- nbisbnotbnecessary.
btionalbnurseb(LPN/LVN)bcanbcollectbdata,bwhichbincludes
1
, Answers
CHAPTER 2 b EVIDENCE-BASEDb PRACTICE
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE b 1. proof
2. context
AUDIOb CASEb STUDY 3. quality
4. care
Marieb andb Evidence-Basedb Practice 5. randomized
1. Thirdhandbsmokebisbthebdangerousbtoxinsbofbsmokebthatblinge 6. outcomes
rbonbhair,bclothing,bfurniture,bandbotherbsurfacesbinbanbareabaf 7. gold
terbabcigarettebisbputbout.bMarieblearnedbthatbexposurebtobthe 8. nursing
sebtoxinsbcanbbebneurotoxicbtobchildrenbandbcanbtriggerbasth 9. patient’s
mabattacksbinbsensitivebpeople. 10. information
2. Evidence-
basedbpracticebisbconsideredbthebgoldbstandardbofbhealthbcare. CLINICALb JUDGMENT
3. Stepb1:bAskbthebburningbquestion.bStepb2:bSearchbandbcolle
ctbthebmostbrelevantbandbbestbevidencebavailable.bStepb3:bT 1. Bybquestioningbthebexistingbwaybofbdoingbthingsbtobensure
bthatbthebpatientbreceivesbthebbestbcarebpossible
hinkbcritically.bAppraisebthebevidencebforbvalidity,brelevanc
ebtobthebsituation,bandbapplicability. 2. Abthoroughbsearchbofbthebliterature,bwithbthebassistancebofbtheb
Stepb4:bMeasurebtheboutcomesbbeforebandbafterbinstitutingbthebc medicalblibrarian,binbthebareabofbtheirbburningbques-
btionbregardingbmusicbreducingbpreoperativebanxiety.
hange.bStepb5:bMakebitbhappen.bStepb6:bEvaluatebthebpracticebd
ecisionborbchange. 3. CumulativebIndexbtobNursingbandbAlliedbHealthbLiteratureb(
4. Combinationbtherapybwithbabnicotinebpatchbandbnicotineblozen CINAHL)bDatabase,bJoannabBriggsbInstitutebevidence-
gesbworkedbbest,balthoughbbupropionb(Zyban)borbvareniclineb( basedbresources,bCochranebReviews,bMedline/bPubMed
Chantix)bandbnicotineblozengesbworkedbwell,btoo.bAbCochraneb 4. Measurebpatientboutcomesbbeforebinstitutingbthebevidence-
Reviewbfoundbthatbadvicebandbsupportbfrombnursingbstaffbcanbi basedbchangebinbpracticebsobcomparisonsbcanbbebmadebafterbi
ncreasebpatients’bsuccessbinbquit- mplementationbtobdeterminebifbthebinter-bventionbworked
btingbsmoking,bespeciallybinbabhospitalbsetting. 5. Evaluatebthebresultsbtobdeterminebwhetherbthebchangebmad
ebabsignificantbdifferencebandbifbitbwasbvaluablebinbtermsbofbc
VOCABULARY ostbandbtime
SamplebsentencesbwillbvarybforbthebVocabularybproblems. REVIEWb QUESTIONS
1. Evidence- Thebcorrectbanswersbarebinbboldface.
basedbpractice:bAbsystematicbprocessbthatbusesbcurrentbevidenc
ebinbmakingbdecisionsbaboutbpatientbcare. 1. (3)bisbcorrect.bProvidingbanbexplanationbofbwhybsome-
2. Evidence- bthingbisbdonebpromotesbthebunderstandingbforbwhybitbisbimp
informedbpractice:bConsiderationbofbpatientbfactorsbalongbwithb ortantbtobbebdonebandbthereforebwillbmoreblikelybbebdone.b(
thebusebofbevidencebforbsharedbdecisionbmakingbbetweenbthebhea 1,b2,b4)bonlybcommunicatebthebneedbtobperformbabtask.bThey
lth-carebproviderbandbthebpatient. bdobnotbprovidebrationalebforbthebtaskbtobpro-
bmotebunderstandingbofbthebimportancebofbthebtask.
3. Randomizedbcontrolledbtrials:bTruebexperimentalbstudiesbinbw
hichbasbmanybfactorsbasbpossiblebthatbcouldbfalselybchangebtheb 2. (3)bisbcorrect.bEvidence-
resultsbarebcontrolled. basedbnursingbcarebthatbhasbbeenbevaluatedbasbappropriatebforba
4. Research:bScientificbstudy,binvestigation,borbexperimenta- nbagencybprovidesbthebbestbandbsafestbpatientbcare.b(1)bOpinion
btionbtobestablishbfactsbandbanalyze btheirbsignificance.
sbmaybnotbbebbasedbon
5. Systematicbreview:bAbreviewbofbrelevantbresearchbusingbguide
lines.
