Praxis: Early Childhood PLT 5621 Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.

Praxis: Early Childhood PLT 5621 Questions And Answers Latest Top Score. behaviorism - correct answer. learning through direct interaction with the environment;motivation is often the result of drives, internal states caused by a lack of something necessary for optimal functioning. Consequences of behavior (reinforcement, punishment) are effective only to the extent that they either increase or decrease a learner's drive state (Skinner, Watson, Thorndike) social learning (cognitive) theory - correct answer. learning from observing one another; modeling; environmental stimuli affect behavior; importance of self-efficacy; human behavior is typically goal directed (Bandura) self-efficacy - correct answer. extent to which a person believes they can successfully do a task self-regulation - correct answer. taking charge of and directing own actions information processing theory - correct answer. focuses on the cognitive processes involved in learning, memory, and performance; human thinking is similar to how a computer works; constructivism - correct answer. people create knowledge through observations and experience; people combine much of what they learn into integrated bodies of knowledge and beliefs (schemas); by working together, two or more people can often gain better understandings than anyone could gain alone (social constructivism) sociocultural theory - correct answer. emphasize that the social, cultural, and historical contexts in which children grow up have profound influences on thinking, learning, and effective instructional practice; Because of their varying environments, historical circumstances, and needs, different cultures have developed somewhat different ways of thinking, learning, and teaching classical conditioning (Pavlov) - correct answer. when automatic and reflexive responses to stimuli become associated with new stimuli that previously had no effect (When a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a buzzer regularly paired with the puff of air) evokes a conditioned response (e.g., blinking), learning has occurred) operant conditioning (Skinner) - correct answer. occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior; Behaviors that are reinforced are strengthened — they are repeated. Reinforcers can be positive (e.g., presentation of a reward) or negative (e.g., removal of an aversive stimulus). Behaviors that are punished are extinguished; punishments, too can be positive (e.g., presentation of an aversive stimulus) or negative (removal of a positive stimulus) sensory register (short term memory) - correct answer. Component of memory that holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief time (perhaps one to two seconds) working memory - correct answer. Component of memory that holds and actively thinks about and processes a limited amount of information long term memory - correct answer. Component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively long time semantic knowledge - correct answer. Knowledge of the meanings of words and word combinations procedural knowledge - correct answer. Knowledge concerning how to do something (e.g., a skill) how to move info into long term memory - correct answer. Rehearsal Meaningful learning Elaboration Organization Visual imagery Mnemonics accommodation - correct answer. required when people must incorporate a new experience by modifying an old scheme or forming a new scheme (The period of flux when individuals are attempting to adjust prior schemes with new experiences that do not fit into their existing schemes is known as disequilibrium, and the process of moving from disequilibrium to a new state of learning is known as equilibration) assimilation - correct answer. when people deal with a new experience in a manner that is consistent with a present scheme scheme - correct answer. organized group of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment Piaget's stages of cognitive development - correct answer. sensorimotor (0-2) preoperational (2-7) concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) how to use Vygotsky's sociocultural theory to teach (ZPD&scaffolding) - correct answer. Relate new knowledge to prior knowledge Design the curriculum so that tasks develop from less to more complex as the student becomes increasingly sophisticated Offer apprenticeships, which consist of working with an expert who guides thinking and planning how to perform a task Encourage interaction with peers, including having similar others explain concepts and justify ideas. cognitive developmental theory - correct answer. one or more aspects of development can be characterized by a predictable sequence of stages. Each stage builds on acquisitions from any preceding stages and yet is qualitatively different from its predecessors (Piaget&Kohlberg) nativism - correct answer. Some behaviors are biologically built in. A few behaviors (e.g., the reflex to suck on a nipple placed in the mouth) are evident at birth. Others (e.g., walking) emerge gradually, and usually in a predictable order, as genetic instructions propel increasing physical maturation of the brain and body. psychodynamic theory - correct answer. focus on personality development, and sometimes on abnormal development as well. They propose that a child's early experiences can have significant effects on a child's later developments 3 key domains - correct answer. physical, cognitive, socioemotional (SEE CHART IN STUDY GUIDE FOR MORE INFO) gender differences (physical&biological) - correct answer. Boys tend to be more active than girls. Girls develop fine motor skills earlier than boys. Girls reach puberty earlier than boys, but after puberty, boys are taller and stronger. gender differences (cognitive&academic) - correct answer. On average, boys and girls perform similarly on tests of general intelligence, although boys show more variability. In other words, the average scores for girls and boys are about the same, but more boys score extremely high and extremely low.