Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques, 1st Edition Test Bank
Chapter 01: Evidence-Informed Nursing Practice
Perry et al.: Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques, 1st Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Evidence-informed practice is a problem-solving approach to
making decisions about patient care that is grounded in
a. the latest information found in textbooks.
b. systematically conducted research studies.
c. tradition in clinical practice.
d. quality improvement and risk-management data.
ANS: B
The best evidence comes from well-designed, systematically conducted research studies
described in scientific journals. Portions of a textbook often become outdated by the time it is
published. Many health care settings do not have a process to help staff adopt new evidence in
practice, and nurses in practice settings lack easy access to risk-management data, relying
instead on tradition or convenience. Some sources of evidence do not originate from research.
These include quality improvement and risk-management data, infection control data,
retrospective or concurrent chart reviews, and clinicians’ expertise. Although non–research-
based evidence is often very valuable, it is important that you learn to rely more on research-
based evidence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Purpose
OBJ: Differentiate between evidence-based and evidence-informed practice.
TOP: Evidence-Based Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
2. When evidence-informed practice is used, patient care will be
a. standardized for all.
b. unhampered by patient culture.
c. variable according to the situation.
d. safe from the hazards of critical thinking.
ANS: C
, Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques, 1st Edition Test Bank
Using your clinical expertise and considering patients’ cultures, values, and preferences
ensures that you will apply available evidence in practice ethically and appropriately. Even
when you use the best evidence available, application and outcomes will differ; as a nurse,
you will develop critical thinking skills to determine whether evidence is relevant and
appropriate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Purpose
OBJ: Differentiate between evidence-based and evidence-informed practice.
TOP: Evidence-Based Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
3. When a PICO(TS) question is developed, the letter that corresponds with the usual standard of
care is
a. P.
b. I.
c. C.
d. O.
ANS: C
C = Comparison of interest. What standard of care or current intervention do you usually use
now in practice?
P = Patient population of interest. Identify your patient by age, gender, ethnicity, disease, or
health problem.
I = Intervention of interest. What intervention (e.g., treatment, diagnostic test, and prognostic
factor) do you think is worthwhile to use in practice?
O = Outcome. What result (e.g., change in patient’s behaviour, physical finding, and change
in patient’s perception) do you wish to achieve or observe as the result of an intervention?
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding REF: Ask a Clinical Question
OBJ: Explain the components of a PICO(TS) question. TOP: PICO
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
4. A well-developed PICO(TS) question helps the nurse
a. search for evidence.
b. include all five elements of the sequence.
c. find as many articles as possible in a literature search.
d. accept standard clinical routines.
ANS: A
The more focused a question that you ask is, the easier it is to search for evidence in the
scientific literature. A well-designed PICOT question does not have to include all five
elements, nor does it have to follow the PICOT sequence. Do not be satisfied with clinical
routines. Always question and use critical thinking to consider better ways to provide patient
care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Ask a Clinical Question
OBJ: Explain the components of a PICO(TS) question. TOP: Evidence-Based Practice
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
, Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques, 1st Edition Test Bank
5. The nurse is not sure that the procedure the patient requires is the best possible for the
situation. Using which of the following resources would be the quickest way to review
research on the topic?
a. CINAHL
b. PubMed
c. MEDLINE
d. The Cochrane Database
ANS: D
The Cochrane Community Database of Systematic Reviews is a valuable source of
synthesized evidence (i.e., preappraised evidence). The Cochrane Database includes the full
text of regularly updated systematic reviews and protocols for reviews currently happening.
MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed are among the most comprehensive databases and
represent the scientific knowledge base of health care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Search for the Best Evidence
OBJ: Discuss the process for critiquing evidence in the literature.
TOP: Evidence-Based Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
6. The nurse is getting ready to develop a plan of care for a patient who has a specific need. The
best source for developing this plan of care would probably be
a. The Cochrane Database.
b. MEDLINE.
c. NGC.
d. CINAHL.
ANS: C
The National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC) is a database supported by the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). It contains clinical guidelines—systematically
developed statements about a plan of care for a specific set of clinical circumstances
involving a specific patient population. The NGC is a valuable source when you want to
develop a plan of care for a patient. The Cochrane Community Database of Systematic
Reviews, MEDLINE, and CINAHL are all valuable sources of synthesized evidence (i.e.,
preappraised evidence).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Search for the Best Evidence
OBJ: Discuss the process for critiquing evidence in the literature.
TOP: Evidence-Informed Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
7. The nurse has done a literature search and found 25 possible articles on the topic that he or
she is studying. To determine which of those 25 best fit his or her inquiry, the nurse first
should look at
a. the abstracts.
b. the literature reviews.
c. the “Methods” sections.
d. the narrative sections.
ANS: A
, Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques, 1st Edition Test Bank
An abstract is a brief summary of an article that quickly tells you whether the article is
research based or clinically based. An abstract summarizes the purpose of the study or clinical
query, the major themes or findings, and the implications for nursing practice. The literature
review usually gives you a good idea of how past research led to the researcher’s question.
The “Methods” or “Design” section explains how a research study is organized and conducted
to answer the research question or to test the hypothesis. The narrative of a manuscript differs
according to the type of evidence-informed article—clinical or research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Critique the Evidence
OBJ: Discuss the process for critiquing evidence in the literature.
TOP: Randomized Controlled Trials KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
8. The nurse wants to determine the effects of cardiac rehabilitation program attendance on the
level of depression in individuals who have had a myocardial infarction. The type of study
that would best capture this information would be a
a. randomized controlled trial.
b. qualitative study.
c. case–control study.
d. descriptive study.
ANS: B
Qualitative studies examine individuals’ experiences with health problems and the contexts in
which these experiences occur. A qualitative study is best in this case of an individual nurse
who wants to examine the effectiveness of a local program. Randomized controlled trials
involve close monitoring of control groups and treatment groups to test an intervention
against the usual standard of care. Case–control studies typically compare one group of
participants with a certain condition against another group without the condition to look for
associations between the condition and predictor variables. Descriptive studies focus mainly
on describing the concepts under study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Search for the Best Evidence
OBJ: Discuss ways to apply evidence in nursing practice.
TOP: Randomized Controlled Trials KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
9. Six months after an early mobility protocol was implemented, the incidence of deep vein
thrombosis in patients has been decreased. This is an example of what stage in the evidence-
informed practice process?
a. Asking a clinical question
b. Applying the evidence
c. Evaluating the practice decision
d. Communicating your results
ANS: C
After implementing a practice change, your next step is to evaluate the effect. You do this by
analyzing the outcomes data that you collected during the pilot project. Outcomes evaluation
tells you whether your practice change improved conditions, created no change, or worsened
conditions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Knowledge-To-Action Framework
OBJ: Discuss ways to apply evidence in nursing practice. TOP: Evidence-Based Practice
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Evaluation
Chapter 01: Evidence-Informed Nursing Practice
Perry et al.: Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques, 1st Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Evidence-informed practice is a problem-solving approach to
making decisions about patient care that is grounded in
a. the latest information found in textbooks.
b. systematically conducted research studies.
c. tradition in clinical practice.
d. quality improvement and risk-management data.
ANS: B
The best evidence comes from well-designed, systematically conducted research studies
described in scientific journals. Portions of a textbook often become outdated by the time it is
published. Many health care settings do not have a process to help staff adopt new evidence in
practice, and nurses in practice settings lack easy access to risk-management data, relying
instead on tradition or convenience. Some sources of evidence do not originate from research.
These include quality improvement and risk-management data, infection control data,
retrospective or concurrent chart reviews, and clinicians’ expertise. Although non–research-
based evidence is often very valuable, it is important that you learn to rely more on research-
based evidence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Purpose
OBJ: Differentiate between evidence-based and evidence-informed practice.
TOP: Evidence-Based Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
2. When evidence-informed practice is used, patient care will be
a. standardized for all.
b. unhampered by patient culture.
c. variable according to the situation.
d. safe from the hazards of critical thinking.
ANS: C
, Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques, 1st Edition Test Bank
Using your clinical expertise and considering patients’ cultures, values, and preferences
ensures that you will apply available evidence in practice ethically and appropriately. Even
when you use the best evidence available, application and outcomes will differ; as a nurse,
you will develop critical thinking skills to determine whether evidence is relevant and
appropriate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Purpose
OBJ: Differentiate between evidence-based and evidence-informed practice.
TOP: Evidence-Based Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
3. When a PICO(TS) question is developed, the letter that corresponds with the usual standard of
care is
a. P.
b. I.
c. C.
d. O.
ANS: C
C = Comparison of interest. What standard of care or current intervention do you usually use
now in practice?
P = Patient population of interest. Identify your patient by age, gender, ethnicity, disease, or
health problem.
I = Intervention of interest. What intervention (e.g., treatment, diagnostic test, and prognostic
factor) do you think is worthwhile to use in practice?
O = Outcome. What result (e.g., change in patient’s behaviour, physical finding, and change
in patient’s perception) do you wish to achieve or observe as the result of an intervention?
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding REF: Ask a Clinical Question
OBJ: Explain the components of a PICO(TS) question. TOP: PICO
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
4. A well-developed PICO(TS) question helps the nurse
a. search for evidence.
b. include all five elements of the sequence.
c. find as many articles as possible in a literature search.
d. accept standard clinical routines.
ANS: A
The more focused a question that you ask is, the easier it is to search for evidence in the
scientific literature. A well-designed PICOT question does not have to include all five
elements, nor does it have to follow the PICOT sequence. Do not be satisfied with clinical
routines. Always question and use critical thinking to consider better ways to provide patient
care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Ask a Clinical Question
OBJ: Explain the components of a PICO(TS) question. TOP: Evidence-Based Practice
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
, Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques, 1st Edition Test Bank
5. The nurse is not sure that the procedure the patient requires is the best possible for the
situation. Using which of the following resources would be the quickest way to review
research on the topic?
a. CINAHL
b. PubMed
c. MEDLINE
d. The Cochrane Database
ANS: D
The Cochrane Community Database of Systematic Reviews is a valuable source of
synthesized evidence (i.e., preappraised evidence). The Cochrane Database includes the full
text of regularly updated systematic reviews and protocols for reviews currently happening.
MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed are among the most comprehensive databases and
represent the scientific knowledge base of health care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Search for the Best Evidence
OBJ: Discuss the process for critiquing evidence in the literature.
TOP: Evidence-Based Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
6. The nurse is getting ready to develop a plan of care for a patient who has a specific need. The
best source for developing this plan of care would probably be
a. The Cochrane Database.
b. MEDLINE.
c. NGC.
d. CINAHL.
ANS: C
The National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC) is a database supported by the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). It contains clinical guidelines—systematically
developed statements about a plan of care for a specific set of clinical circumstances
involving a specific patient population. The NGC is a valuable source when you want to
develop a plan of care for a patient. The Cochrane Community Database of Systematic
Reviews, MEDLINE, and CINAHL are all valuable sources of synthesized evidence (i.e.,
preappraised evidence).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Search for the Best Evidence
OBJ: Discuss the process for critiquing evidence in the literature.
TOP: Evidence-Informed Practice KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
7. The nurse has done a literature search and found 25 possible articles on the topic that he or
she is studying. To determine which of those 25 best fit his or her inquiry, the nurse first
should look at
a. the abstracts.
b. the literature reviews.
c. the “Methods” sections.
d. the narrative sections.
ANS: A
, Canadian Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques, 1st Edition Test Bank
An abstract is a brief summary of an article that quickly tells you whether the article is
research based or clinically based. An abstract summarizes the purpose of the study or clinical
query, the major themes or findings, and the implications for nursing practice. The literature
review usually gives you a good idea of how past research led to the researcher’s question.
The “Methods” or “Design” section explains how a research study is organized and conducted
to answer the research question or to test the hypothesis. The narrative of a manuscript differs
according to the type of evidence-informed article—clinical or research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Critique the Evidence
OBJ: Discuss the process for critiquing evidence in the literature.
TOP: Randomized Controlled Trials KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
8. The nurse wants to determine the effects of cardiac rehabilitation program attendance on the
level of depression in individuals who have had a myocardial infarction. The type of study
that would best capture this information would be a
a. randomized controlled trial.
b. qualitative study.
c. case–control study.
d. descriptive study.
ANS: B
Qualitative studies examine individuals’ experiences with health problems and the contexts in
which these experiences occur. A qualitative study is best in this case of an individual nurse
who wants to examine the effectiveness of a local program. Randomized controlled trials
involve close monitoring of control groups and treatment groups to test an intervention
against the usual standard of care. Case–control studies typically compare one group of
participants with a certain condition against another group without the condition to look for
associations between the condition and predictor variables. Descriptive studies focus mainly
on describing the concepts under study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Search for the Best Evidence
OBJ: Discuss ways to apply evidence in nursing practice.
TOP: Randomized Controlled Trials KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment (management of care)
9. Six months after an early mobility protocol was implemented, the incidence of deep vein
thrombosis in patients has been decreased. This is an example of what stage in the evidence-
informed practice process?
a. Asking a clinical question
b. Applying the evidence
c. Evaluating the practice decision
d. Communicating your results
ANS: C
After implementing a practice change, your next step is to evaluate the effect. You do this by
analyzing the outcomes data that you collected during the pilot project. Outcomes evaluation
tells you whether your practice change improved conditions, created no change, or worsened
conditions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Knowledge-To-Action Framework
OBJ: Discuss ways to apply evidence in nursing practice. TOP: Evidence-Based Practice
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Evaluation
