BNNS501 Second Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

BNNS501 Second Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Accommodation - Ans:-change in the curvature of the lens to adjust to distance of objects anterior cavity - Ans:-Cavity anterior to the lens which is filled with aqueous humor to nourish the lens and cornea Binocular Vision - Ans:-Both eyes move to look at the same object Choroid - Ans:-Part of the vascular layer which absorbs scattered light in the eye and maintains a clear/sharp image. Cones - Ans:-Photoreceptors that are specialised for sharp vision Conjunctiva - Ans:-Thin protective mucous membrane that lines the inner aspect of the eyelids Convergence of eyes - Ans:-Medial movement of eyes to focus both eyes on an object. Cornea - Ans:-Transparent protective outer layer that covers the iris fibrous tunic - Ans:-Outer tunic of the eye, contains the sclera and cornea ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/28 Fovea Centralis - Ans:-Cones-only area at the centre of the macula lutea which is the area of highest visual resolution Inner tunic - Ans:-Inside tunic that consists of the retina iris - Ans:-Coloured portion of the eye which regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Lacrimal Fluid - Ans:-The name for tears which protect, clean, moisten and lubricate the eyeball. contains lysozyme. Macula Lutea - Ans:-Exact centre of the posterior retina Optic Disc - Ans:-Site where the optic nerve exits the eye, also known as blind spot Posterior cavity - Ans:-Cavity that lies between lens and retina. it contains a jelly-like substance to maintain eye shape Pupil - Ans:-Hole in the middle of the eye that allows light into the eye Refraction - Ans:-Bending of light rays as they move from one medium to another of different density Retina - Ans:-Inside membrane that consists of photoreceptors (rods and cones) Rods - Ans:-Photoreceptors that are specialised for black and white vision, as well as shapes and movement ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/28 Sclera - Ans:-White of the eye that provides shape and support to the eyeball vascular tunic - Ans:-Middle tunic of the eye, contains the choroid, ciliary body and the iris. Auricle/Pinnna - Ans:-Elastic cartilage covered with skin that directs sounds waves towards the tympanic membrane Basilar membrane - Ans:-lower membrane of the cochlea duct Cochlea - Ans:-Small, snail-shaped organ of the ear that contains the receptors for hearing Dynamic Equilibrium - Ans:-Maintenance of the head position during sudden movements such as rotation, acceleration and deceleration Endolymoh - Ans:-Fluid that conducts sound vibrations and responds to mechanical forces located in the membranous labyrinth Equilibrium - Ans:-The state of being balanced and refers to head position in relation to the body. External Auditory Cnal - Ans:-Curved tube of cartilage and bone leading to the temporal bone External ear - Ans:-Structure that collects sound waves Internal ear - Ans:-Structure that contains the receptors for hearing and equilibrium middle ear - Ans:-structure that contains the 3 auditory ossicles, oval and round window ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/28 Ossicles - Ans:-Middle ear bones - Malleus, incus, stapes Otoliths - Ans:-Calcium carbonate stones which respond to gravity located in the saccule or utricle Perilymph - Ans:-Fluid that conducts sounds vibrations and respond to mechanical forces located in the bony labyrinth Presbycusis - Ans:-Age-associated progressive loss of hearing in both ears related to loss of hair cells and nerve pathways degeneration. Semi-circular canals - Ans:-Structures that are arranged to give 3D sensitivity and involved in dynamic equilibrium. containing groups of receptor hair cells Static equilibrium - Ans:-Maintenance of the head position relative to the force of gravity Tinnitus - Ans:-Ringing in the ear associated with nerve degeneration, infection and medication side- effects. Tympanic membrane - Ans:-Thin, semi-transparent membrane which vibrates with sounds waves and transfers the energy to the ossicles Vestibular Apparatus - Ans:-Receptor organs for equilibrium located in the vestibule and semi- circular canals Vestibular imbalance - Ans:-Imbalance ca