Advanced Pathophysiology NR 507 Final Exam
Questions and Answers
1: What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS) in the body?--- correct answer ---
The primary function of the RAAS is to regulate blood pressure and fluid
balance in the body.
2: How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?--- correct
answer ---
The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by releasing
norepinephrine, which binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on the heart.
3: What role do cytokines play in the inflammatory response?--- correct
answer --- Cytokines are signaling proteins that mediate and regulate
immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis during the inflammatory
response.
4: Describe the pathophysiology of asthma.
,Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to
bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airflow obstruction.
5: What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?---
correct answer --- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the
body attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, while type 2
diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin
deficiency.
6: How does chronic hypertension lead to heart failure?--- correct answer ---
Chronic hypertension increases the workload on the heart, leading to
hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle and eventually causing heart failure due
to the hearts inability to pump effectively.
7: What is the significance of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?---
correct answer ---
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates how readily
hemoglobin acquires and releases oxygen molecules into the tissues, which
is crucial for understanding oxygen delivery to tissues.
, 8: Explain the mechanism of action of diuretics in treating hypertension.
Diuretics lower blood pressure by promoting the excretion of sodium and
water through the kidneys, reducing blood volume and systemic vascular
resistance.
9: What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?--- correct
answer ---
Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, heat
intolerance, increased appetite, tachycardia, and nervousness.
10: How does chronic kidney disease affect calcium and phosphate
metabolism?--- correct answer ---
Chronic kidney disease leads to impaired excretion of phosphate, reduced
production of active vitamin D, and secondary hyperparathyroidism,
disrupting calcium and phosphate balance.
11: What is the pathophysiological basis of atherosclerosis?--- correct
answer ---
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory
cells, and fibrous elements in the arterial walls, leading to plaque formation
and narrowing of the arteries.
Questions and Answers
1: What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS) in the body?--- correct answer ---
The primary function of the RAAS is to regulate blood pressure and fluid
balance in the body.
2: How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?--- correct
answer ---
The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by releasing
norepinephrine, which binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on the heart.
3: What role do cytokines play in the inflammatory response?--- correct
answer --- Cytokines are signaling proteins that mediate and regulate
immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis during the inflammatory
response.
4: Describe the pathophysiology of asthma.
,Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to
bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airflow obstruction.
5: What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?---
correct answer --- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the
body attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, while type 2
diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin
deficiency.
6: How does chronic hypertension lead to heart failure?--- correct answer ---
Chronic hypertension increases the workload on the heart, leading to
hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle and eventually causing heart failure due
to the hearts inability to pump effectively.
7: What is the significance of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?---
correct answer ---
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates how readily
hemoglobin acquires and releases oxygen molecules into the tissues, which
is crucial for understanding oxygen delivery to tissues.
, 8: Explain the mechanism of action of diuretics in treating hypertension.
Diuretics lower blood pressure by promoting the excretion of sodium and
water through the kidneys, reducing blood volume and systemic vascular
resistance.
9: What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?--- correct
answer ---
Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, heat
intolerance, increased appetite, tachycardia, and nervousness.
10: How does chronic kidney disease affect calcium and phosphate
metabolism?--- correct answer ---
Chronic kidney disease leads to impaired excretion of phosphate, reduced
production of active vitamin D, and secondary hyperparathyroidism,
disrupting calcium and phosphate balance.
11: What is the pathophysiological basis of atherosclerosis?--- correct
answer ---
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory
cells, and fibrous elements in the arterial walls, leading to plaque formation
and narrowing of the arteries.
