Microbiology An Introduction 13e (Global Edition) By Gerard
L L L L L L L
Tortora, Berdell Funke, Christine Case
L L L L L L
CHAPTER
The Microbial World and You L L L L
1 Global Edition
L L
Learning Objectives L Check Your Understanding L L
1-1 List several ways in which microbes
L L L L L Describe some of the destructive and beneficial
L L L L L L
affect our lives.
L L L actions of microbes.
L L L
1-2 Define microbiome, normal microbiota,
L L L What percentage of all cells in the human body
L L L L L L L L
and transient microbiota.
L L L are bacterial cells?
L L L
1-3 Recognize the system of scientific L L L L Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet. L L L L L L
nomenclature that uses two names: a
L L L L L L
genus and a specific epithet.
L L L L L
1-4 Differentiate the major characteristics of L L L L Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?
L L L L L
each group of microorganisms.
L L L L Which are eukaryotes?
L L L
1-5 List the three domains.
L L L What are the three domains?
L L L L
1-6 Explain the importance of observations
L L L L What is the cell theory?
L L L L
made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.
L L L L L L
1-7 Compare spontaneous generation and
L L L What evidence supported spontaneous
L L L
biogenesis.
L generation?
L
1-8 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L How was spontaneous generation disproved?
L L L L
Logy made by Needham, Spallanzani,
L L L L
LVirchow, and Pasteur. L L
1-9 Explain how Pasteur’s work influenced
L L L L Summarize in your own words the germ theory L L L L L L L
Lister and Koch.
L L L of disease.
L L
1-10 Identify the importance of Koch’s
L L L L L What is the importance of Koch’s postulates?
L L L L L L
postulates.
L
1-11 Identify the importance of Jenner’s
L L L L L What is the significance of Jenner’s discovery?
L L L L L L
work. L
1-12 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L L What was Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”?
L L L L
ogy made by Ehrlich and Fleming.
L L L L L L
1-13 Define bacteriology, mycology, parasit-
L L L L Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology,
L L L
ology, immunology, and virology.
L L L L immunology, and virology.
L L L
1-14 Explain the importance of microbial
L L L L L Differentiate microbial genetics, molecular L L L
genetics, molecular biology, and
L L L L biology, and genomics.
L L L
genomics.L
, 1-15 List at least four beneficial activities of
L L L L L L L Name two beneficial uses of bacteria.
L L L L L
microorganisms.
L
1-16 Name two examples of biotechnology
L L L L L Differentiate biotechnology from recombinant L L L
that use recombinant DNA technology
L L L L L DNA technology.
L L
and two examples that do not.
L L L L L L
1-17 Define resistance.
L L Differentiate normal microbiota and infectious L L L L
disease.
L
1-18 Define biofilm.
L L Why are biofilms important? L L L
1-19 Define emerging infectious disease.
L L L L What factors contribute to the emergence of an
L L L L L L L
infectious disease?
L L
New in This Edition
L L L
• The resurgence in microbiology is highlighted in sections on the Second and Third
L L L L L L L L L L L L
Golden Ages of Microbiology.
L L L L
• The Emerging Infectious Diseases section has been updated.
L L L L L L L
• A discussion of normal microbiota and the human microbiome has been added.
L L L L L L L L L L L
Chapter Summary L
Microbes in Our Lives (p. 28) The L L L L L L
Microbiome (pp. 28–29)
L L L
ASM 5.4: Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both
L L L L L L L L L
human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral, or detrimental
L L L L L L L L
Lways.
ASM 6.2: Microorganisms provide essential models that give us
L L L L L L L L
fundamental knowledge about life processes.
L L L L L
1. Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called microorganisms.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
2. Microorganisms are important in maintaining Earth’s ecological balance. L L L L L L L
3. Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body; these make up the normal microbiota
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
or human microbiome. The normal microbiota are needed to maintain good health.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
4. Some microorganisms are used to produce foods and chemicals.
L L L L L L L L
5. Some microorganisms cause disease. L L L
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
L L L L L
ASM 2.4: While microscopic eukaryotes (e.g., fungi, protozoa, and algae)
L L L L L L L L L
carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the cellular
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
properties are fundamentally different.
L L L L
Nomenclature (p. 30) L L
, 1. In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), each living organism is
L L L L L L L L L L L L
assigned two names.
L L L
2. The two names consist of a genus and a specific epithet, both of which are underlined or
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
italicized.
L
Types of Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
L L L L
3. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described
L L L L L L L L L L L L
as prokaryotic.
L L
4. Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission, and they may
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
possess flagella.
L L
5. Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition.
L L L L L L L L L L L
6. Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
L L L L L L L L L L L
7. Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.
L L L L L L L
8. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, and yeasts) have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus).
L L L L L L L L L L L L
Most fungi are multicellular.
L L L L
9. Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.
L L L L L L L L L
10. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes. L L L
11. Protozoa obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.
L L L L L L L L L
12. Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosyn-
L L L L L L L L L L L
thesis. L
13. Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.
L L L L L L L L L L
14. Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells.
L L L L L L L L
15. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
envelope may surround the coat.
L L L L L
16. The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are flatworms and roundworms,
L L L L L L L L L L
collectively called helminths.
L L L
17. The microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are identified by traditional
L L L L L L L L L L L L
microbiological procedures.
L L
Classification of Microorganisms (p. 32) L L L L
18. All organisms are classified into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
Eukarya include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
L L L L L L L
A Brief History of Microbiology (pp. 32–40)
L L L L L L
ASM 7.4: Ability to understand the relationship between science and
L L L L L L L L L
society
L
The First Observations (pp. 32–33)
L L L L
1. Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the
L L L L L L L L L L L
concept that all living things are composed of cells.
L L L L L L L L L
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe
L L L L L L L L L L L
microorganisms (1673).
L L
, The Debate over Spontaneous Generation (pp. 33–35)
L L L L L L
3. Until the mid-1880s, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that
L L L L L L L L L L L
living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
L L L L L L L
4. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are
L L L L L L L L L L L L
able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
L L L L L L L L
5. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated
L L L L L L L L L
nutrient broth (1745).
L L L
6. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s
L L L L L L L L
results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
L L L L L L L L L L L L
7. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from
L L L L L L L L L L L L
preexisting cells (1858).
L L L
8. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered
L L L L L L L L L L L
proof of biogenesis (1861).
L L L L
9. Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and
L L L L L L L L L L L L
medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.
L L L L L L L
The First Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 35–37)
L L L L L L L
10. The science of microbiology advanced rapidly between 1857 and 1914.
L L L L L L L L L
11. Pasteur found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
alcohol to acetic acid.
L L L L
12. A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic
L L L L L L L L L L L L
beverages and milk.
L L L
13. Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a causal relationship between
L L L L L L L L L L
microorganisms and disease.
L L L
14. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
control infections in humans (1860s).
L L L L L
15. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of
L L L L L L L L L L L
procedures, now called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
L L L L L L
16. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides
L L L L L L L L L L
humans with immunity to smallpox.
L L L L L
17. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine.
L L L L L L L
18. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens,
L L L L L L L L L L
from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.
L L L L L L L L L L
The Second Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 37–40)
L L L L L L L
19. The Second Golden Age began with the discovery of penicillin’s effectiveness against
L L L L L L L L L L L
infections.
L
20. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the
L L L L L L L L L L L
laboratory) and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit
L L L L L L L L L L L L
the growth of other microorganisms).
L L L L L
L L L L L L L
Tortora, Berdell Funke, Christine Case
L L L L L L
CHAPTER
The Microbial World and You L L L L
1 Global Edition
L L
Learning Objectives L Check Your Understanding L L
1-1 List several ways in which microbes
L L L L L Describe some of the destructive and beneficial
L L L L L L
affect our lives.
L L L actions of microbes.
L L L
1-2 Define microbiome, normal microbiota,
L L L What percentage of all cells in the human body
L L L L L L L L
and transient microbiota.
L L L are bacterial cells?
L L L
1-3 Recognize the system of scientific L L L L Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet. L L L L L L
nomenclature that uses two names: a
L L L L L L
genus and a specific epithet.
L L L L L
1-4 Differentiate the major characteristics of L L L L Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?
L L L L L
each group of microorganisms.
L L L L Which are eukaryotes?
L L L
1-5 List the three domains.
L L L What are the three domains?
L L L L
1-6 Explain the importance of observations
L L L L What is the cell theory?
L L L L
made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.
L L L L L L
1-7 Compare spontaneous generation and
L L L What evidence supported spontaneous
L L L
biogenesis.
L generation?
L
1-8 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L How was spontaneous generation disproved?
L L L L
Logy made by Needham, Spallanzani,
L L L L
LVirchow, and Pasteur. L L
1-9 Explain how Pasteur’s work influenced
L L L L Summarize in your own words the germ theory L L L L L L L
Lister and Koch.
L L L of disease.
L L
1-10 Identify the importance of Koch’s
L L L L L What is the importance of Koch’s postulates?
L L L L L L
postulates.
L
1-11 Identify the importance of Jenner’s
L L L L L What is the significance of Jenner’s discovery?
L L L L L L
work. L
1-12 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L L What was Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”?
L L L L
ogy made by Ehrlich and Fleming.
L L L L L L
1-13 Define bacteriology, mycology, parasit-
L L L L Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology,
L L L
ology, immunology, and virology.
L L L L immunology, and virology.
L L L
1-14 Explain the importance of microbial
L L L L L Differentiate microbial genetics, molecular L L L
genetics, molecular biology, and
L L L L biology, and genomics.
L L L
genomics.L
, 1-15 List at least four beneficial activities of
L L L L L L L Name two beneficial uses of bacteria.
L L L L L
microorganisms.
L
1-16 Name two examples of biotechnology
L L L L L Differentiate biotechnology from recombinant L L L
that use recombinant DNA technology
L L L L L DNA technology.
L L
and two examples that do not.
L L L L L L
1-17 Define resistance.
L L Differentiate normal microbiota and infectious L L L L
disease.
L
1-18 Define biofilm.
L L Why are biofilms important? L L L
1-19 Define emerging infectious disease.
L L L L What factors contribute to the emergence of an
L L L L L L L
infectious disease?
L L
New in This Edition
L L L
• The resurgence in microbiology is highlighted in sections on the Second and Third
L L L L L L L L L L L L
Golden Ages of Microbiology.
L L L L
• The Emerging Infectious Diseases section has been updated.
L L L L L L L
• A discussion of normal microbiota and the human microbiome has been added.
L L L L L L L L L L L
Chapter Summary L
Microbes in Our Lives (p. 28) The L L L L L L
Microbiome (pp. 28–29)
L L L
ASM 5.4: Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both
L L L L L L L L L
human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral, or detrimental
L L L L L L L L
Lways.
ASM 6.2: Microorganisms provide essential models that give us
L L L L L L L L
fundamental knowledge about life processes.
L L L L L
1. Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called microorganisms.
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
2. Microorganisms are important in maintaining Earth’s ecological balance. L L L L L L L
3. Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body; these make up the normal microbiota
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
or human microbiome. The normal microbiota are needed to maintain good health.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
4. Some microorganisms are used to produce foods and chemicals.
L L L L L L L L
5. Some microorganisms cause disease. L L L
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
L L L L L
ASM 2.4: While microscopic eukaryotes (e.g., fungi, protozoa, and algae)
L L L L L L L L L
carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the cellular
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
properties are fundamentally different.
L L L L
Nomenclature (p. 30) L L
, 1. In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), each living organism is
L L L L L L L L L L L L
assigned two names.
L L L
2. The two names consist of a genus and a specific epithet, both of which are underlined or
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
italicized.
L
Types of Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
L L L L
3. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described
L L L L L L L L L L L L
as prokaryotic.
L L
4. Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission, and they may
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
possess flagella.
L L
5. Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition.
L L L L L L L L L L L
6. Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
L L L L L L L L L L L
7. Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.
L L L L L L L
8. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, and yeasts) have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus).
L L L L L L L L L L L L
Most fungi are multicellular.
L L L L
9. Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.
L L L L L L L L L
10. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes. L L L
11. Protozoa obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.
L L L L L L L L L
12. Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosyn-
L L L L L L L L L L L
thesis. L
13. Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.
L L L L L L L L L L
14. Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells.
L L L L L L L L
15. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
envelope may surround the coat.
L L L L L
16. The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are flatworms and roundworms,
L L L L L L L L L L
collectively called helminths.
L L L
17. The microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are identified by traditional
L L L L L L L L L L L L
microbiological procedures.
L L
Classification of Microorganisms (p. 32) L L L L
18. All organisms are classified into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
L L L L L L L L L L L L
Eukarya include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
L L L L L L L
A Brief History of Microbiology (pp. 32–40)
L L L L L L
ASM 7.4: Ability to understand the relationship between science and
L L L L L L L L L
society
L
The First Observations (pp. 32–33)
L L L L
1. Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the
L L L L L L L L L L L
concept that all living things are composed of cells.
L L L L L L L L L
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe
L L L L L L L L L L L
microorganisms (1673).
L L
, The Debate over Spontaneous Generation (pp. 33–35)
L L L L L L
3. Until the mid-1880s, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that
L L L L L L L L L L L
living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
L L L L L L L
4. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are
L L L L L L L L L L L L
able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
L L L L L L L L
5. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated
L L L L L L L L L
nutrient broth (1745).
L L L
6. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s
L L L L L L L L
results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
L L L L L L L L L L L L
7. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from
L L L L L L L L L L L L
preexisting cells (1858).
L L L
8. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered
L L L L L L L L L L L
proof of biogenesis (1861).
L L L L
9. Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and
L L L L L L L L L L L L
medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.
L L L L L L L
The First Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 35–37)
L L L L L L L
10. The science of microbiology advanced rapidly between 1857 and 1914.
L L L L L L L L L
11. Pasteur found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
alcohol to acetic acid.
L L L L
12. A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic
L L L L L L L L L L L L
beverages and milk.
L L L
13. Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a causal relationship between
L L L L L L L L L L
microorganisms and disease.
L L L
14. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
control infections in humans (1860s).
L L L L L
15. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of
L L L L L L L L L L L
procedures, now called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
L L L L L L
16. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides
L L L L L L L L L L
humans with immunity to smallpox.
L L L L L
17. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine.
L L L L L L L
18. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens,
L L L L L L L L L L
from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.
L L L L L L L L L L
The Second Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 37–40)
L L L L L L L
19. The Second Golden Age began with the discovery of penicillin’s effectiveness against
L L L L L L L L L L L
infections.
L
20. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the
L L L L L L L L L L L
laboratory) and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit
L L L L L L L L L L L L
the growth of other microorganisms).
L L L L L
