Maryville NURS 611 Pathology Exam 1
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
Apoptosis - ✔✔A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - ✔✔Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the
kidney and heart) - ✔✔hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - ✔✔ischemia
Main component of a cell - ✔✔nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - ✔✔nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - ✔✔RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - ✔✔histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
,What are ribosomes? - ✔✔RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through
pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - ✔✔cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - ✔✔provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - ✔✔a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - ✔✔takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called
"secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - ✔✔maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - ✔✔leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs
and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - ✔✔nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
, instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - ✔✔cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - ✔✔enzymes of
the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative
phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what
two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - ✔✔1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - ✔✔carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs in early development. ex: thymus
glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased
hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
Apoptosis - ✔✔A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - ✔✔Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the
kidney and heart) - ✔✔hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - ✔✔ischemia
Main component of a cell - ✔✔nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - ✔✔nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - ✔✔RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - ✔✔histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
,What are ribosomes? - ✔✔RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through
pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - ✔✔cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - ✔✔provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - ✔✔a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - ✔✔takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called
"secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - ✔✔maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - ✔✔leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs
and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - ✔✔nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
, instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - ✔✔cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - ✔✔enzymes of
the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative
phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what
two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - ✔✔1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - ✔✔carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs in early development. ex: thymus
glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - ✔✔occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased
hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
