anterior (ventral) - with Answers:front of the body posterior (dorsal) - with Answers:back of body superior - with Answers:above inferior - with Answers:below medial - with Answers:towards the middle lateral - with Answers:to the side proximal -

  anterior (ventral) - with Answers:front of the body posterior (dorsal) - with Answers:back of body superior - with Answers:above inferior - with Answers:below medial - with Answers:towards the middle lateral - with Answers:to the side proximal - with Answers:closer to point of attachment distal - with Answers:farther from point of attachment deep - with Answers:far from surface superficial - with Answers:near the surface ipsilateral - with Answers:same side contralateral - with Answers:opposite side anatomical position - with Answers:facing forward, standing erect, toes pointed forward, feet slightly apart, arms at the sides, palms facing forward abdominal region - with Answers:stomach acromial region - with Answers:shoulder antebrachial region - with Answers:forearm axillary region - with Answers:armpit brachial region - with Answers:arm buccal region - with Answers:cheek calcaneal region - with Answers:heel carpal region - with Answers:wrist cephalic region - with Answers:head cervical region - with Answers:neck coxal region - with Answers:hip cranial region - with Answers:skull crural region - with Answers:leg cubital region - with Answers:elbow digital region (hand) - with Answers:finger digital region (foot) - with Answers:toes facial region - with Answers:face femoral region - with Answers:thigh frontal region - with Answers:forehead gluteal region - with Answers:buttock inguinal region - with Answers:groin lumbar region - with Answers:lower back manual region - with Answers:hand mental region - with Answers:chin nasal region - with Answers:nose nuchal region - with Answers:back of neck oral region - with Answers:mouth patellar region - with Answers:knee pectoral region - with Answers:pecs (chest) pedal region - with Answers:foot popliteal region - with Answers:back of knee pubic region - with Answers:genitals sacral region - with Answers:tailbone scapular region - with Answers:shoulder blade sternal region - with Answers:sternum (chest) tarsal region - with Answers:ankle thoracic region - with Answers:chest umbilical region - with Answers:belly button vertebral region - with Answers:spinal cord biology - with Answers:the study of life anatomy - with Answers:structure physiology - with Answers:function atoms - with Answers:smallest unit of matter to maintain its own identity; based on proton molecules - with Answers:2 or more atoms bonded together organelles - with Answers:specialized functioning components of a cell; protect the cell; combine to make the cell cells - with Answers:smallest unit of life; carries out basic life functions; differentiate to perform specific functions tissues - with Answers:a group of similar cells performing a specific function organs - with Answers:2 or more tissues that function together organ system - with Answers:2 or more organs working together organism - with Answers:complete living being homeostasis by negative feedback - with Answers:maintains internal stability in ever-changing environment; detects change, activates opposing mechanisms; keeps everything working at equilibrium homeostasis by negative feedback process - with Answers:1. change occurs (variable) 2. the receptor detects change 3. compares change to status quo 4. integrator determines if it's different than normal 5. signal goes to do somethin 6. effector responds and returns everything to normal homeostasis by positive feedback - with Answers:produce rapid change (ovulation, blood clotting, child birth); detects change, continues change until finished membrane - with Answers:separate, support, line body cavities mucous membranes - with Answers:line cavities on the exterior serous membranes - with Answers:internal viscera; thoracic/abdominal/pelvic cavities synovial membranes - with Answers:moveable joints atoms - with Answers:protons, neutrons, electrons matter - with Answers:has mass, takes up space atomic number - with Answers:number of protons atomic mass - with Answers:number of protons and neutrons neutral atoms - with Answers:same amount of electrons as protons valence electrons - with Answers:number of electrons in the outermost shell; determine chemical bonding properties atom stability - with Answers:8 electrons in outermost shell ions - with Answers:positively and negatively charged atoms (unequal number of protons and electrons transfer of electrons - with Answers:both atoms have 8 in the outermost shell covalent bonds - with Answers:sharing electrons; strongest bonds nonpolar covalent bonds - with Answers:electrons have an equal nuclear attraction polar covalent bonds - with Answers:electrons have an unequal nuclear attraction electronegativity - with Answers:nuclear attraction for electrons chemical bonds - with Answers:energy used to hold atoms to form molecules (2 or more atoms) ionic bonds - with Answers:transfer of electrons; weaker than covalent; can break up in water; polar hydrogen bonds - with Answers:slight positive attracted to slight negative; weakest bond hydrogen bond roles - with Answers:1. water chemistry (holds water molecules together 2. 3D protein shapes (holds proteins in correct position for their function) 3. DNA 3D shape (holds DNA together) strength of bonds - with Answers:1. covalent non-polar 2. covalent polar 3. ionic 4. hydrogen inorganic compounds - with Answers:generally don't contain carbon (water, oxygen) organic compounds - with Answers:always contain carbon/hydrogen; associated with living organisms major types of organic compounds - with Answers:1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids monosaccharides - with Answers:carbohydrate; simple sugars; readily available disaccharides - with Answers:carbohydrate; two monosaccharides polysaccharides - with Answers:carbohydrates; long chains of glucose; more than two monosaccharides glycogen - with Answers:polysaccharides; short term animal storage starch - with Answers:polysaccharides; plants storage; digested to glucose cellulose - with Answers:polysaccharide; plant structure (cell walls); fiber; most common organic compound on earth fatty acids - with Answers:lipids; building blocks; insulation; protect organs; cell membranes; long term energy storage triglycerides - with Answers:3 fatty acids + glycerol; a fat molecule phospholipids - with Answers:2 fatty acids _+ glycerol + phosphate hydrophilic - with Answers:substances that dissolve in water hydrophobic - with Answers:doesn't mix with water prostaglandins - with Answers:fatty acid; chemical messenger; muscle contraction/relaxation steroids - with Answers:fatty acid; cholesterol (component of cell membranes, steroid precursor) proteins - with Answers:Chains of amino acids protein structure - with Answers:1. primary (formation of peptide bond) 2. secondary (start forming a structure) 3. tertiary (folding and coiling of structure) 4. quaternary (4 tertiary structures put together) amino acid structure - with Answers:a carboxyl group (acid), amine group, and R group peptide bonds - with Answers:greater than 2 amino acids functions of proteins - with Answers:1. structure (skin/nails; muscle) 2. communication (hormones; receptors) 3. movement/transport (channels and transporters) 4. recognition/protection (clotting factors) 5. catalysts (enzymes) enzymes - with Answers:increase the speed of the reaction 1. lower activation energy 2. reduce the wait time 3. net energy released does NOT change nucleic acids - with Answers:genetic code 1. storage 2. expression 3. transmission 4. protein building bases and base pairing - with Answers:AT & GC DNA - with Answers:phosphate; 5C sugar (deoxyribose); 4 bases (A, G, C, T); located in nucleus and mitochondria; double stranded; stores information RNA - with Answers:phosphate; 5C sugar (ribose); 4 bases (A, G, C, U); located in nucleus and cytoplasm; single stranded; messenger role plasma membrane - with Answers:selective barrier nucleus - with Answers:makes/stores DNA organelle function - with Answers:many functions cytoplasm - with Answers:anything outside of the nucleus cytosol - with Answers:solution located in cytoplams plasma membrane functions - with Answers:1. defines cell boundaries 2. governs interactions with other cells 3. controls what goes in/out (permeable substances allowed) plasma membrane sturcture - with Answers:bilayer 1. 98% lipids 2. 2% proteins carrier vesicle - with Answers:large molecules; charged molecules passive transport (no energy required) - with Answers:1. filtration 2. diffusion 3. facilitated diffusion 4. osmosis active transport (ATP required) - with Answers:1. endocytosis (to put something in the cell) 2. exocytosis (to take something out of the cell) filtration - with Answers:passive transport; movement of materials between cells (not across membranes) diffusion - with Answers:movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration Increase diffusion (movement rate) - with Answers:1. DECREASE molecular size 2. DECREASE viscosity of medium 3. INCREASE temperature 4. INCREASE membrane surface area 5. INCREASE membrane permeability 6. INCREASE gradient "steepness" facilitated diffusion - with Answers:molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels osmosis - with Answers:net flow of a solvent across a membrane; high concentration to low concentration osmolarity - with Answers:total concentration of solutes osmotic pressure (pulling pressure) - with Answers:force exerted by solutes on membrane hydrostatic pressure (pushing pressure) - with Answers:force exerted by water on membrane tonicity - with Answers:ability of solution to affect all volume/pressure nucleolus - with Answers:makes ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum - with Answers:production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. Rough ER - with Answers:contains ribosomes for protein synthesis Smooth ER - with Answers:does not have ribosomes; stores calcium; synthesizes steroids; detoxifies alcohol & drugs ribosomes - with Answers:protein factories (makes proteins) golgi complex - with Answers:sorting and packaging of proteins lysosomes - with Answers:digest old/foreign materials and recycle them to build new materials mitochondria - with Answers:"powerhouse of the cell"; synthesizes ATP for energy centrioles - with Answers:cell division cytoskeleton - with Answers:infrastructure of the cells; intracellular transport intermediate filaments - with Answers:provide structural support microtubule - with Answers:intracellular transport/help hold organelles in place microfilament - with Answers:cell movement/membrane permeability cilia/flagella - with Answers:external movement mitosis - with Answers:2 identical cells from 1 individual/original cell; produces somatic cells meiosis - with Answers:4 different cells from 1 original; produces gametes mitosis process - with Answers:1. interphase 2. prophase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase G1 phase of interphase - with Answers:cell growth and normal function S phase of interphase - with Answers:DNA replication G2 phase of interphase - with Answers:growth and preparation for mitosis prophase - with Answers:Chromosomes become visable; nuclear envelop dissolve; spindle forms metaphase - with Answers:Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell anaphase - with Answers:chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell telophase - with Answers:chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed diploid - with Answers:46 chromosomes haploid - with Answers:23 chromosomes chromatin - with Answers:DNA + protein that is present in non-dividing cells chromosome - with Answers:DNA packaging chromatid - with Answers:half of a replicated chromosome centromere - with Answers:point of chromatid attachment meiosis 1 - with Answers:DNA exchange - creates diversity meiosis 2 - with Answers:similar to mitosis but ending with 4 haploid cells prophase 1 - with Answers:pairing of chromosomes; chromosomes exchange DNA segments metaphase 1 - with Answers:tetrads line up in the middle anaphase 1 - with Answers:homologous chromosomes separate telophase 1 - with Answers:Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter haploid cells are formed prophase 2 - with Answers:Chromosomes become visable; nuclear envelop dissolve; spindle forms metaphase 2 - with Answers:Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell anaphase 2 - with Answers:chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell telophase 2 - with Answers:chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed; end with 4 haploid cells heredity - with Answers:transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring gene - with Answers:segment of DNA that codes for specific RNA/protein (eye color) allele - with Answers:different forms of the same gene (brown vs. blue) dominant - with Answers:expressed trait recessive - with Answers:trait expressed only if no dominant allele present homozygous - with Answers:two identical alleles (BB) heterzygous - with Answers:two different alleles (Bb) genotype - with Answers:genetic makeup or actual alleles for a given trait (BB) phenotype - with Answers:observable trait expressed (brown hair) hydrostatic pressure - with Answers:pushing water from high to low (too much water so it needs to get pushed out) osmatic pressure - with Answers:pulling water to the salutes